6) The monoamine theory of depression foresees the underlying pathophysiologic source for depression is the diminution of levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine within the central nervous system (National Center for Biotechnology Information). Indication for this hypothesis is sustained with clinical trials and animal testing.
Barchas, J., and Altemus, M. (1999) Monoamine Hypotheses of Mood Disorders Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28257/
7)
NOT DONE 8) The pyramidal system is a direct pathways for all motor impulses originating at the cortex of the brain. This pathway provides voluntary muscles of the neck, head and limbs. Neurons are created in the primary motor cortex. The pyramidal system has two tracts the corticospinal and to corticobulbar. The corticospinal is at the inferior level of the medulla. Lateral corticospinal tracts exert contralateral control, while ventral corticospinal tracts exert ipsilateral control traveling down the spinal cord where they join the muscles they serve synapsing with the nuclei of the lower motor neurons. The corticobulbar tracts follows the similar pathway of the corticospinal tracts; they will begin synapsing with the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves beginning at the level of upper pons. The pyramidal system is the main pathway for voluntary movement. The extrapyramidal system …show more content…
Hindbrain contains the medulla, cerebellum and the pons. The medulla is where the spinal cord enters into the skull. It controls breathing, reflexes and sustains and upright body posture. The cerebellum are two rounded structures found beside the medulla, it coordinates body movement extensive damage to the cerebellum could prohibit one from standing up. The pons serve as a bridge for the midbrain. Pons are clusters of neuronal fibers that are responsible for monitoring sleep and arousal by the coordination of the autonomic nervous
Barchas, J., and Altemus, M. (1999) Monoamine Hypotheses of Mood Disorders Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28257/
7)
NOT DONE 8) The pyramidal system is a direct pathways for all motor impulses originating at the cortex of the brain. This pathway provides voluntary muscles of the neck, head and limbs. Neurons are created in the primary motor cortex. The pyramidal system has two tracts the corticospinal and to corticobulbar. The corticospinal is at the inferior level of the medulla. Lateral corticospinal tracts exert contralateral control, while ventral corticospinal tracts exert ipsilateral control traveling down the spinal cord where they join the muscles they serve synapsing with the nuclei of the lower motor neurons. The corticobulbar tracts follows the similar pathway of the corticospinal tracts; they will begin synapsing with the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves beginning at the level of upper pons. The pyramidal system is the main pathway for voluntary movement. The extrapyramidal system …show more content…
Hindbrain contains the medulla, cerebellum and the pons. The medulla is where the spinal cord enters into the skull. It controls breathing, reflexes and sustains and upright body posture. The cerebellum are two rounded structures found beside the medulla, it coordinates body movement extensive damage to the cerebellum could prohibit one from standing up. The pons serve as a bridge for the midbrain. Pons are clusters of neuronal fibers that are responsible for monitoring sleep and arousal by the coordination of the autonomic nervous