Basal ganglia

In order to change individual habits you need to understand how the Habit Loop works within our brain, which takes a three- step loop: the cue, the routine, and the reward. Williams James wrote in 1892 that most of the choices we make each day may feel like products of well-considered decision making but they’re not. They are actually habits. Habits can be as simple as how we order our meals, how often we exercise or even what we say to our children each night. It is essential to understand…

One of the most common growing disease in late adulthood is Parkinson which is a progressive disease of the nervous system with symptoms including tremor of the hands, arms, legs, jaw and face which is caused by failure of the normal cellular compensatory mechanisms in vulnerable brain regions, bradykinesia or slowness of movement, rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and trunk, postural instability or impaired balance and coordination. One of the main reason for these symptoms is the loss of…

primary motor cortex is associated with generation of a motor program. Premotor areas are involved in complicated motor functions, such as required changes in output forces or velocities, or motor response to visual or auditory input. Also, the basal ganglia and thalamus are important coordinating centers for goal­directed motor programs and patterns. The cerebellum allows for unimpeded movements of those motor programs. Motor programs are continuously adjusted throughout an action, made…

These tend to stick out in terms of physical appearance but cannot be the only determinant in diagnosing FAS. Other disorders may share similar features as FAS.3 Due to these three factors FAS is easier to recognize, but others which fall under FASD, such as ARND, may be more difficult because only limited neural problems may be present. Also, to accurately confirm conditions such as ARND requires knowledge that alcohol was consumed during pregnancy.9 To acquire this helpful information has…

prolonged intervals and slow rate. According to Rachel Stocks, she stated that a person with ataxic dysarthria appear to have movements poorly controlled, inaccurate and slower than normal (p.820). Hypokinetic dysarthria is caused by damagaging the basal ganglia control circuit. Etiologies for this disorder are Idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Neuroleptic-Induced Parkinsonism, Postencephalitic…

and/or tremors or involuntary movements.Then there is Athetoid or Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy, which is depicted by uncontrolled, slow writhing movements.Athetoid is also a type of Cerebral Palsy that is primarily associated with damage to the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei in the human brain, in the form of lesions that occur during the brain development due to bilirubin encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The symptoms of Athetoid include involuntary movements, tremors…

solving problems and express emotions. In this part of the brain, there is not as much activity when the person is depressed. The thalamus sends sensory information to the cerebral cortex. This is also involved in problem solving and thinking. The basal ganglia organize motor behaviors and the occipital lobe receives and sends visual messages. People with Bipolar Disorder often have a hard time reading, writing, and completing motor skills such as gluing or cutting. Last, the hypothalamus can…

Mercury Many studies have been performed to acquire specified effects of the toxic metal, Mercury, contaminating our ecosystems. Mercury is a toxic metal that can be fatal to human-beings and animals. Over the past years, many researchers have sampled water and different fishes to examine the concentrations of inorganic mercury. It has been studied that Mercury gets into the environment multiple ways. “Globally, approximately 6600 metric tons of Hg are emitted to the atmosphere annually, with…

Article Summary In the article by Ezzati, Zimmerman, Mindy, Katz Sundermann, Smith, Lipton and Lipton (2014), the goal was to look at the relationship between pain and hippocampal volumes in older cognitively intact adults. Specifically, this study was looking at differences in volume in subparts of the hippocampus as related to pain. This study looked at 86 adults over the age of 70 with a mean age of 80.2 years. Additionally, 53.8% were women, and 54.7% were white, and the sample had a mean…

Paracrine Signaling Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals. Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix. These types of signals usually elicit quick responses that last only a short amount of time. In order to keep the response localized, paracrine ligand molecules are normally quickly degraded by enzymes or removed by neighboring cells. Removing the signals will reestablish the concentration gradient for the signal,…