Acute toxicity

Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine speeds up the messages traveling between the brain and the rest of the body. The drug introduces a sense of exhilaration in the user, primarily by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the midbrain (Ericson). The initial surge of euphoria is followed by a crash. The crash creates the need for more and the body becomes dependent on the drug. The effects appear almost immediately after a…

The chemicals in a cigarette impact blood cells. Because blood cells travel throughout the body, the toxicity travels as well. This eventually leads to damage to the heart and blood vessels. Smoking opens the possibilities to numerous additional diseases, but in terms of leading to an MI, atherosclerosis is most relevant. Atherosclerosis is defined as a…

Introduction: Heart Failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that affects the structural and functional capacity of the ventricle to load or expel blood. According to Ferri (2016, p. 576), the principal symptoms of HF are dyspnea and fatigue which can significantly reduce an individual's exercise tolerance. Due to the various signs and symptoms associated with HF, multiple pharmacotherapies including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel inotropic agents, and diuretics has been…

substantial; and although fluoride is beneficial to tooth decay prevention, there are known risks related to fluoride intake. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge the difference between the risk of developing the effects due to high fluoride toxicity intake and the risk of them developing through ingestion of…

cardiogenic shock and coronary artery dissection.1 The mechanism of cardiotoxicity is unclear, but may include coronary artery vasospasm, autoimmune cardiomyopathy, direct endothelial damage, thrombogenic effect of the therapy, direct myocardial toxicity leading to necrosis, global dysfunction and the accumulation of metabolites.1,2,4 Until now, approximately 30 studies examining cardiotoxic effects of 5-FU and capecitabine were conducted. The most common fluoropyrimidines-induced cardiac…

shape of moon crescents. This presents a problem for the body because the abnormally shaped red blood cells don’t distribute oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells efficiently. So those who have sickle cell disease are more prone to have infections, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, and priapism; these conditions are also commonly referred to as sickle cell crises. Before epidemiology about sickle cell disease those with this condition had a very low life expectancy and…

What is GLP (Good Laboratory Practice)? Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is defined in the OECD Principles as “… a quality system concerned with the organisational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported”. The aim is to ensure the quality, reliability and integrity of studies allowing the reporting of verifiable conclusions and the traceability of data. It must be noted that GLP…

in food have increased by almost 20%. This data shows that some laws are ineffective and have done little to reduce public exposure to toxic chemicals. The EPA has also attempted to establish buffer zones around treated fields to reduce risks from acute inhalation exposure to bystanders. In 2005 there was a report of a pesticide known as, chloropicrin (a chemical warfare agent and component of tear gas), drifting about 1 mile past the buffer zone. The haze floated away from a strawberry field,…

something prescribed by the doctor while waiting for nature to cure the illness,” (Avorn, 2005) (pp.41). Modern medicine succeeds with acute illnesses, but with more severe illnesses, that’s where it fails and people consider natural medicine (Haddad, Azar, Groom, Biovin, 2005) (pp.516). Transition from plant to pill ended up losing herbal art to modify toxicity instead of using whole foods, which contain chemical ingredients that reduce the risk of side effects (Ody, 2000) (pp.22). People need…

Animal Experimentation Cosmetics and medication providers both test on animals; with this being said most animals skin is nothing like humans, there are genetic differences between animals and humans. With a lot of cosmetics and soaps there will be a label that will either say “This product has been tested on animals” or “This product has not been animal tested”. More and more products are beginning to be tested on animals. There are pictures of products on the internet and other places that…