Acute toxicity

Animal testing is an unpopular subject in the animal rights debate; people attempt to avoid it because of how unsettling it is. Especially when it comes to cosmetics, it seems too difficult to find a brand that does not test on animals at all, so people choose to ignore the facts and buy whatever products they want. The Humane Society claims that “worldwide rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, and rats are blinded, poisoned, and killed to test new cosmetic products and their ingredients,”…

HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus, a serious virus that spreads through the body and attacks the immune system. The virus specifically attacks the T cells (CD4 cells) of the body. This making it so the immune system is no longer able to fight off infections and diseases as the amount of T cells decreases to an amount below the average 700 to 1500 cells/mm. (Center for Disease Control, 2015, para. 1) Once the body loses so many T cells and damages the immune system so much, the HIV…

QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the pathophysiology of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Include discussion of risk factors associated with the development of this disease. (10 points) Coronary artery atherosclerosis is most commonly comprised of atherosclerotic fibrous fatty obstructions of the large epicardial vessels, which provide for blood flow and transport nutrients, oxygen, and elimination of metabolic waste products such as CO2, lactic acid, and hydrogen ions. Coronary artery atherosclerosis…

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity on leaves extract of Callistemon citrinus by using inhibition of albumin denaturation technique. Method- The different extract i.e. chloroformic, ethanolic and aqueous extract at different concentrations was incubated with egg albumin in controlled experimental condition and subjected to determine absorbance to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity. Diclofenac sodium was used as the standard/ reference drug. Result: This…

skin such as in the infamous Draize test. What’s more, 50 percent of all animals die in lethal dose tests” (Kantamneni, Visala). Animals undergo many tests, the most common being skin irritation/erosion, eye irritation/erosion and acute oral, dermal and inhalation toxicity. These tests cause irreversible harm and mutation, often resulting in death due to extensive exposure. Animal testing for such products is inhumane and unneeded. Innocent animals should not have to suffer for human…

Background In 2014, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) published a new set of practice guidelines for Hepatic Encephalopathy (Vistrup et al., 2014). These guidelines define Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) as “a brain dysfunction caused by liver insufficiency and/or portosystemic shunting, and manifests as a wide spectrum of neurological/psychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma”…

Gender bias in biomedical and medicinal research has always maintained a “male tilt” throughout history. Recently, the NIH addressed the presence of gender-bias in medicinal research by increasing funding in gender-based research done on mice (Bichell). Gender–based medicine was only developed recently from the increasing concern in women’s health. In her research, Dr. Kautzy-Willer found 306274 results for “women’s health” when searching in a scientific literature database, but only 3107…

Mercury poisoning is a, “Poisoning caused by mercury or a compound containing mercury, with the acute form characterized by stomach ulcers and renal tubule toxicity and the chronic form affecting the central nervous system and causing emotional instability.” (Dictionary) In the story, Life of Pi, the protagonist is abandoned at sea stuck in a lifeboat with a bengal tiger relying…

Kaempferol is a natural polyphenol, secondary metabolite (flavonol), a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plant-derived foods. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 276–278 °C. It is slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in hot ethanol, ethers, and DMSO. Kaempferol acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress. Many studies suggest that consuming kaempferol may reduce the risk of various cancers, and it is currently under consideration as a possible…

with refractory cancer pain, intrathecal pain therapy is an established and superior alternative to conventional opioid use (Brogan, 2006). Interventional pain treatments, such as intrathecal pain pumps, offer rapid and effective analgesia with less toxicity than oral or parenteral agents, permit dose reductions of systemic analgesics, serve as an alternative to refractory pain, and enhance performance…