Xylem

suppression” (2015). The majority of all bacteria lives in the soil however, there are few that can succeed at becoming plant pathogens. One of the examples in grapevines is Rhizobium vitis, which causes crown gall, and is mainly confined to and spreads via xylem vessels. The pathogen causes damage to the trunks of young grapevines as well as to mature vines which are restructured by heavy pruning (Keller…

are present . Then chlamydospore starts the germination process, thus forming sporangium in which zoospores develop and after some time, zoospores infect the leaves and the bark and the cycle repeats itself. The Pathogen attacks the phloem and the xylem of the plant, which causes the whole decline of the plant by developing canker sores thus yielding bleeding cankers in the process. After a short period of time, the plant experiences a rapid “dead” color all throughout, which causes the rapid…

For my project, I chose to make an illustration. In the picture I have a breast cancer ribbon, a pot of boiling water, a prokaryote, a chromosome, a pedigree, and a factory to represent human impact, a flower to represent photosynthesis, a food chain, an energy pyramid, an embryo, humans evolving, a biomolecules chart, and the phases of mitosis. I drew a breast cancer ribbon because we talked about different types of cancer. There are many factors that go into the diagnosis of cancer. A lot of…

every living cell has water in it. Every living cell in surrounded by fluids. Water dissolves more substances then any other liquid. The ions dissolved in water are needed by organisms for growth and to manufacture various body substances. Every organism must keep it internal body fluids in balance in order to survive. Water uptake must balance water loss. Water- roots and root hair absorb water from the soil by osmosis. Roots are long and have a large surface area. Roots have thousand of root…

Symbiosis describes a relationship between species, in which at least one organism benefits. Ants and plants interact in many puzzling ways, but one type of interaction has fascinated ecologists for centuries. Mutualism is a type of symbiosis, where both species benefit from the relationship. Ant to plant mutualisms are facultative, meaning they are not necessary for each other’s survival. However, the survival of both species lends greatly to this complex relationship. (Boucher D.H. 1985) To…

B) Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) Active components of the plant are believed to be polyphenols, including flavonoids, A-type proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, coumarins, and phenolic acids, forming unique and diversified profiles in particular organs, among which the flowers are the least (Owczarek et al., 2017). This work is the first comprehensive phytochemical and activity study of the flower extracts of P. spinosa. (Phenolic compounds of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) and influence of in…

Since 1988 the plant Crupina vulgaris or the Common Crupina has been listed as a class A weed, it has invaded many parts of the Western United States, its has become a growing concern for many as it can grow quickly and is difficult to get rid of. C. vulgaris is native to Mediterranean Europe. It is a flowering plant, or angiosperm from the family Asteraceae, that can grow up to three feet tall. The stems of the plant are leafy and rigid with small spines and rounded 1/2 inch leaves near the…

Deciduous Tree Grafting Introduction The Apple Tree, or Malus pumila, is a deciduous tree in the rose family that is best known for its pome fruit, the apple. The most widely cultivated tree within the genus Malus, the Apple Tree has been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and was brought to North America by European Colonists in the 17th century. In 1625, the first apple orchard in North America was planted within the Boston area by Reverend William Blaxton. Typically, a…

mesophyll, is the secondary site of photosynthesis and is spaced apart to allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to reach the palisade cells. The third part of the mesophyll, vascular tissue, transports water and nutrients throughout the leaf and contains xylem and phloem cells. The lower epidermis contains openings for gas exchange called stomata and guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata. Within the mesophyll are chloroplasts, which are mostly made up of empty space…

The structure and function of carbohydrates (25 Marks) Carbohydrates are made from Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). A monosaccharide is the monomer sub unit of carbohydrates and can be joined together through a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond between the two monomers which is known as a disaccharide. The above diagram shows a condensation reaction taking place. There is a reaction between two monomer sub units, in this case α-glucose and ethanol, which involves the…