Photovoltaics

Over the past few decades, urbanisation has been developing exponentially across the world with more than half of the human population making their way into cities. Cities, as products of urbanisation, become magnets for people looking for job opportunities, excellent infrastructure and efficient transport facilities. However, the sprawling nature of expanding cities has taken its toll on surrounding landscapes, with wild plants and animals being replaced with concrete buildings and paved roads…

solution volume up to 20 ml and then it decreased to 25 ml. The direct optical band gap values and Urbach energy values were analyzed. The PL spectra exhibited the peaks in the visible region, which shows that these films were a good candidate for photovoltaic application. The electrical properties revealed that all the SnS2 films were found to be n-type semiconductors. The electrical conductivity, Hall mobility and bulk carrier concentration of the samples increased with…

The most popular methods currently available are photovoltaics, wind turbines and biomass boilers. It is important not to just start installing these as standard without looking at the individual building requirements and capability for obtaining energy through these means. It would be unsustainable to carry…

Climate Change is a worldwide phenomenon, that affects the regular conditions of the environment. Historically, there have been several conventions, as the Kyoto Protocol, in order to address this problem. However, only until the Paris Agreement, countries have committed to take actions to mitigate this issue. In fact, Canada did not demonstrate any interest in the subject, but rather the provinces took the initiative and started to use regulations to reduce CO2 emissions. By 2015, Canada has…

The available technology points toward the use of lead/acid batteries to supply the power for ZEVs. The negative consequences associated with lead/acid batteries are numerous. For example, lead/acid batteries contain a large amount of lead. When the life of the battery is lost, the disposal of the lead within the battery must be dealt with appropriately. An analysis by researchers at Carnegie-Mellon found that the mass production of electric cars using lead/acid battery packs would exponentially…

Background After the second World War, local communities in the United Kingdom were forced to seek affordable construction and design method. As a result, Brutalism Architecture became a favourable method amongst architects during the mid 20th Century. However, as Brutalism architecture grew, the importance of connection between building and its surrounding context were also taken into consideration between few architects. They believed buildings should serve the need of its inhabitant and act…

One is Photovoltaic Solar Cells (PV) and another is Concentrated Solar Panel (CSP) (Khan 2015, p.415). Wind energy plant also has two types. One is horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and the other is vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) (Kumar 2016, p.211). For…

Wind and solar energy has abundant and free resources as shown by statistic gathered from IPCC (2007), WWEA (2013) and REN21 (2013). Wind and solar as part of renewable energy, should be optimized in order to balance world vast growth in energy demand. Driver of Renewable Energy Development Stabilizing climate impact by reducing carbon emission from fossil fuel use. Ensuring stability and security of energy supply to all part of the countries. Abundant and sustained energy resources. Expanding…

PART 1 Examination and Discussion on the HSBC’s Sustainability Report 1.1 Introduction According to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the organization should initiate the sustainability report to integrate the sustainability strategy into the business’s planning . HSBC is one of the biggest banks and financial services providers listed on London stock exchange and market capitalization as of to date is US$207 billion. Sustainability reporting is acts as part of their core business value and…

Environment Environment is key factor in CSR. In Santander environment is not the second priority while achieving the business goals 1. Utilities management 1.1 Water Usage Water consumption became limited in accordance to the nature of Santander operations, approximately 322,000 m³, for employees, facilities and heating/cooling use. There was a very tiny bit reduction of 1% in year 2011in comparison with 2010. Consumption of water is limited given the nature of our operations…