Photovoltaics

cycles the battery can perform and its depth of discharge (DOD). Specially designed deep-cycle cells are much less susceptible to degradation due to cycling, and are required for applications where the batteries are regularly discharged, such as photovoltaic systems, and uninterruptible power supplies. In summation, the structure of a deep-cycle lead acid…

The United States depends on a finite resource: fossil fuels. Easily accessible deposits of fossil fuels are dwindling, prompting stakeholders on both sides of the aisle to innovate and present options that either prolong the usage of our current energy sources, or harness renewable resources to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases. Firmly backed by the President of the United States and top research institutions, solar energy, specifically converting light energy into liquid fuels, warrants…

This system has caused much attention over the last four decades, because of its electron donor properties. This property has been studied in different fields such us in organic conductors, solar cells and photovoltaic cells. 1.2 Electron transfer Organic synthesis is based on electron-transfer chemical reactions. Some metals, for instance are capable of donating a single electron; moreover, a single electron can be donated due to the electrochemical processes…

Pierre Lys Tesla Motors Tesla is quite an interesting company that seems to be ahead of the game In terms of car manufacturing. They have set out to try to be the most cost efficient company there is. CEO Elon Musk has a wide range of great ideas that have to do with saving our ecosystem and our money due to the use of solar panels. Although Elon Musk is trying to save us money is he really benefiting his company along the journey? Join me as we take a deeper look into the company Tesla one of…

Kitty Hach – Darrow was a mother. Chemical entrepreneur marketing trailblazer and pilot. She started college at Iowa state university to become a home economics teacher but was inspired by a chemist in the department who lead many young women into chemical profession. Another influence in to her chemical profession was her soon to be husband Cliff Hach. Water purifying has come a long way since Kitty’s discovery; we now have water filters and plants that filter water for us. Also we have…

further researching of clean energy, they found that the development of clean energy is limited by many conditions, such as climatic conditions and geographical location. “Counting hydropower (197GW), biomass power (3.2GW), and grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies (0.4GW), there was a total of 226 GW of renewable power capacity at the end of 2009, or approximately 30% of China’s total”(Eric), which means the generating capacity of clean energy is lower than that for fossil…

deployment ranging from residential to commercial plants, making solar the most dynamic option. When comparing the recent growth among all renewable energies, solar has the largest recent growth. Over the decade from 2003-2013, there was an increase in photovoltaic use by more than 40% every year (Benda, 2014). This number shows a strong future for solar energy as it is continuing to grow every year. However, the most promising aspect of solar energy is the fact that solar technology…

applications cite{Garg12,Tiwari02}. Solar air heater (SAH) is one of the promising solar thermal technologies. Other added benefits of SAH are simpler in design, easy to install and cheaper to operate cite{Tiwari02, MNRE,Duffie13}. Unlike solar photovoltaics, the SAHs produce heated air directly from solar radiation with no complex energy…

6.3.2 Energy Payback Time (EPBT) It is the required time to payback the embodied energy of the product. It is evaluated as [142]: (6.1) 6.3.3 CO2 Emission Watt et al., have reported that, the emission of average CO2 is approximately equivalent of 0.98 kg of CO2/kWh in the electricity generated by coal [143]. The CO2 emission per year can be calculated as [144] (6.2) 6.3.4 Carbon Mitigation and Earned Carbon Credit The mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is used to measure the climate change…

Electrochromism is the reversible change in optical properties when a material is electrochemically oxidized or reduced[6] and can be simply represented by Equation (1), where M+ can be H+, Li+, Na+ or K+ , 0 < x < 1, and e- are denoting electrons.[2] (transparent) WO3 + xM+ + xe- ↔ 2 MxWO3 (deep blue) ------------- Equation (1) An electrochromic system consists of an ion-containing material (electrolyte) that is of close proximity to the electrochromic layer and the transparent layers…