Photovoltaics

metal ion. The chemical bath technique appears to be a relatively simple inexpensive method to prepare a homogeneous film with controlled composition. Chemical bath deposition has been widely applied to the fabrication of semiconductor layers for photovoltaic…

The electrochemical properties of the squaraine dyes (SQ1 & SQ2) were investigated. The effects of the chemical structures of two SQ1&SQ2 dyes were selected in relation to the variable property of -COOH substituent for SQ1 compare to SQ2 which without substituent and determine their potential energy levels in ground and excited states HOMO and LUMO. The HOMO energy levels of the SQ1 & SQ2 dyes are -5.19 eV and -5.16 eV. The LUMO energy levels are calculated to be -3.08 eV and -3.1eV respectively…

desalination plants because they are extremely costly, but California has previously opened one and they know what needs to be done. Renewable energy might be more expensive than current non-renewable energy sources, but prices are decreasing. Photovoltaic is a technology which could be used to power the desalination plants and in 1970 it was priced at $70/w and is now below $2/w (CGIAR, 2013). The government of California will primarily subsidize the plants, however the U.S and Canada…

intro Global warming is happening. Over the past century, the global average temperature has raised by around 0.6 degree Celsius. (1,2) Temperature rising is caused by humans due to the need of electricity. People have been burning fossil fuels to generate electricity for thousands of years and causing a global issue. (13,14)The rising of temperature affects the entire ecology because most of the animals and plants have to live in specific climate and condition. The change may cause decline or…

unlimited and come in many different forms but the two most notable and widespread are solar and wind power. In the case of solar energy, the energy production is achieved through the conversion of the sun’s rays into electrical energy through photovoltaic panels that transform the suns radiation into usable energy. This procedure does not deplete the resource used in order to provide energy, given the fact that the sun is a virtually unlimited resource. However there are some limitations to…

Chapter1. The development of biodiesel The name biodiesel refers to the fuel that comes from biological sources and is mainly to be applied in diesel engines. The National Biodiesel Board (NBB) defines biodiesel as “a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from nature oils”. As a matter of fact, biodiesel is so called not only because of biologically derivation as waste raw materials are also commonly used in production (Sunggyu Lee 2012). Compared with massive GHG emissions of CO2,…

Nigeria has one of the lowest electricity generation per capita rate in the world resulting 6 in shortage of power supply and heavy dependence on fossil fuels (79 % of total). At present, 7 only 10% of rural households and 50% of the country’s total population have access to national 8 power grid electricity. Separate researches conducted by Energy Commission of Nigeria and 9 Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) have concluded that 100% stable power supply from 10 renewable energy is possible…

American company that specializes in electric automobiles, energy storage and solar panel manufacturing based in Palo Alto, California. Founded in 2003, the company specializes in electric cars, lithium-ion battery energy storage, and residential photovoltaic panels. As of late 2017, Tesla now employs over 37,000. CEO Elon Musk said that he envisions Tesla as a technology company and independent automaker, aimed at eventually offering electric cars at prices affordable to the average consumer.…

many different variation; from focusing light, acting like a furnace, to application of a heating water, acting like a water heater; solar thermals are everywhere in everyday life (Kalogirou, 2004, p 238). While they are not commonly recognize as photovoltaic, they are widely used in many of its different form. How do solar thermal work? Solar thermals are user of heat to provide energy. It comes from the word solar and thermal, which means sun and heat respectively. They are able to…

Part A – Climate Change 1. How is climate different from weather? How are climate and weather related? The major difference between climate and weather is the measure of time. Weather is considered to reflect the conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time experiencing it outside every day, and the climate is how the atmosphere behaves relatively over an extended period of time over a specific time frame, breaking it up into weeks, months and years. Climate and weather are…