Oxidative phosphorylation

Introduction: Our modern society is engaged in pursuing a healthy and active lifestyle in order to avoid common health problems such as obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus to name a few. Exercise duration, frequency and intensity all are relevant in triggering physiological responses in our bodies. For example, skeletal muscles demand an increase in oxygen and substrates and simultaneously remove carbon dioxide and metabolites (Burton et al., 2004). Furthermore, studies have…

MITOCHONDRIAL SRUCTURE Mitochondria can be seen in the light microscope, but their detailed internal structure is only revealed by electron microscopy. As ubiquitous, semi-autonomous cellular organelles, mitochondria are separated from the cytoplasm by the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane.The outer membrane is porous and freely traversed by ions and small, uncharged molecules through pore-forming membrane proteins (porins), such as the voltage-dependent anion channel VDAC [19]. Any larger…

Cancer is defined as a diverse state in which cells multiply, proliferate and spread through surrounding tissues. With all the different types of cancers we have, at least one originates from closely every cell type in the human body (Vogeistein and Kinzier,1992). Different influence can affect the processes of the cell cycle in both positive and negative ways. Tumor suppressor gene p53 is among the negative regulators of the cell cycle if affected by alteration, mutations or by interaction with…

breaks down two absorbed pyruvate molecules, transferring hydrogen atoms to NADH and FADH2 (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2015, p. 972). During an Electron Transport Phosphorylation (ETS) there are 8 NADH molecules which produce 3 molecules of ATP and 2 FADH2 molecules with a byproduct of 2 ATP each. A process known as oxidative phosphorylation occurs which in turn produces the bulk of the ATP, a net of 32 ATP and a total of 36 ATP including the 2 ATP from the citric acid…

In this pathway, NBS1 functions as an adaptor protein and promotes the phosphorylation of SMC1, which is required for the intra-S phase checkpoint activation after DNA double strand breaks. This branch of the S-phase checkpoint is distinct to the ATM/Chk2/Cdc25A pathway, but is very important for maintaining genomic stability, since…

Anthony Alvarado Bio 1A Chronic oxidative stress via hydroxyl radical and imbalanced redox homeostasis Redox hemostasis has been shown to be an important factor in the overall aging and neurodegeneration processes in mammalian models; such as, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. As a result, redox homeostasis has been a key point of interest in current research. Redox homeostasis is the balance between electrophiles and nucleophiles in a system, more importantly in a biological system. These…

while at the same time protons are being pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space allowing oxygen to be reduced to water. NADH and FADH2 can be used in the electron transport chain to create ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. During oxidative phosphorylation which takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane, NADH and FADH2 are used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane against proton gradients (chemiosmosis process). A protein complex, ATP synthase which is in the…

Insulin is the body’s main way to lower the blood glucose levels when they get to high. When the blood glucose levels get to low the hormone glycogen is produced. They both come from the pancreas but insulin also helps glucose get transported into the cells (Quesada et al., 2008). The body uses glucose as a primary source of energy through a variety of metabolic reactions. Glucose is a sugar that gets broken down through glycolysis into ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) inside of the cell (Stanfield,…

studies might be conducted in order to understand better which mitochondrial signals triggers the epigenetic changes in the nucleus (Smiraglia et al. 1185). They also suggest that the study of specific inhibition of the various steps in oxidative phosphorylation may be the key to understanding the exact signal in mtDNA that triggers epigenetic response (Smiraglia et al. 1185). As you can see although the findings on the research seemed at times unreliable it definitely raises many questions…

Enzymes are found in all living organisms. They are present to speed up or accelerate a chemical reaction; referred to as a catalyst in a chemical reaction. They are essential to obtain rates to sustain life as without enzymes rates would be too slow to provide for life. Molecules at the start of the process are called substrates, the enzyme will then convert these into changed molecules which are called products, after this process the enzymes maintains the same shape. (Berg et al. 2002).…