Oxidative phosphorylation

contains two phosphoanhydride bonds” and, a significant amount of energy is released when these bonds are broken1. Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway whereby mitochondria in living cells generate ATP from the oxidation of nutrients. This process involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 generated from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to oxygen as the final electron acceptor to make water. This is known as electron transport chain2. The electron transport chain is carried out by three electron-driven proton pumps—NADH-Q…

Making ATP from Free fatty Acids:- The other two energy substrates, FFAs and AAs, bypass glycolysis and ultimately enter the TCA cycle/oxidative phosphorylation as pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or different components of the TCA cycle. FFAs are released from adipose tissue by lipolysis and circulate in blood bound to serum albumin. Transport proteins then translocate FFAs into cells. FFAs are metabolized in mitochondria by the repetitive, cyclic process of β oxidation. This requires the transport of…

electrons is called electron transport chain. When the electron reached the complex IV, electron will be released so other electrons can go through and will be obtained by oxygen (O2) to form into water (H2O). Oxygen also called terminal electron acceptor is necessary to remove electrons so other electrons can go through and to pump out protons (H+) for cellular respiration. An enzyme called ATP synthase provided protons energy to make ATP. Protons can only go through ATP synthase in a…

There are two forms of coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH, that play a key role in the metabolism of cells (Daempfle, 2016). The conversion between the two forms enables the cell to accept and donate electrons. NADH is crucial for cellular energy production and plays a vital role in various reactions associated with oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and fermentation. Cells synthesize NADH from glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. The hydrogen…

The citric acid cycle generates energy from the oxidation of various fuel molecules to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA undergoes several redox, hydration and decarboxylation reactions to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and hydrogen ions. The citric acid cycle links glycolysis which produces pyruvate from glucose and oxidative phosphorylation which generates ATP…

Cellular respiration is “the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP” (Campbell G-6). The chemical equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+energy. During that multi-step process, organic molecules are oxidized and catabolized down to carbon dioxide. The energy that is released during this breakdown is captured by the electron carriers, which is any of various…

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is a mitochondrial lipid dependent membrane bound enzyme and principle donor of free energy in the living system. Any alteration in membrane lipids leads to changes in membrane fluidity, which in turn alters the ATPase activity and cellular function. The use of ATPase level measurement was considered as an appropriate index of membrane damage. Pathological processes that interfere with the production of ATP may interfere with sodium pump activity, which in turn…

Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotes obtained through endosymbiosis with prokaryotes billions of years ago. They are organelles with their own DNA and outer and inner membrane and few organelles, because they lost many of their organelles to the Nuclear DNA of the eukaryotes which resulted them being dependent of the cell they live in This endosymbiosis is very crucial for eukaryotes survival since mitochondria produce the energy needed for the cell to survive through oxidative…

Abstract The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is central to the formation of usable energy forms in cells. This essay will give detail on how this is achieved and the cycle’s links to other metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation. It will also explore how the cycle functions in anabolic and catabolic forms while replenishing used intermediates before examining how the cycle is regulated. Introduction The citric acid cycle being named…

enters the cell, and into the cytoplasm, where it beings the process of glycolysis. 2. ETC and Chemiosmosis a. Relevant Concentration glucose gradients The matrix has a low concentration of H+ protons, whereas the intermembrane has a high concentration. As the electrons move through the electron transport chain, they go through a series of redox reactions. First, the electrons go from the NADH dehydrogenase complex to coenzyme Q, where there is a massive energy loss, which is used to push…