Oxidative phosphorylation

citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are anaerobic pathways which means that oxygen is not need to form energy. However the electron transport chain is aerobic and that is due to the oxidative phosphorylation were with the help of oxygen molecules ATP molecules are produced. Fermentation is a reaction that occurs when oxygen is not present or very restricted. In the case of bakers…

growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, reproduction. The nuclei also will pellet after the 1st low speed of the centrifugation, which can be seen under a microscope. Mitochondria has a low dense organelle that has a double membrane, allowing oxidative phosphorylation. Generates the majority of adenosine triphosphate known as ATP, for energy. The pellet will be formed after the 2nd centrifugation; the absorbance measured of the mitochondria will be low. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an enzyme…

The mitochondrion is an organelle which produces ATP or energy for all cells. The ATP produced by the mitochondria can be used to measure certain physical activities of fruit flies. In this experiment the development, climbing, flight, and in vitro activity of Drosophilia Melanogaster flies were tested. Three different strands of flies were used. One strand was the wild-type (wt) fly, which had normal mitochondria without any mutations. Another stand was the W501 strain (hybrid) which had…

Methods Each trial consisted of isolating the hearts of two mice, aged anywhere between 8-15 weeks, with the strain FVB/NJ of the Mus genus. Eight trials were conducted throughout the duration of the experiment. No female mice were used for any of the trials because because the research in the lab concentrates on males, due to known differences in protein expression among the two sexes. The effect of the VU591 drug on mitochondrial KATP function in wildtype mice was measured by calculating the…

2001). It has been suggested that effects of ROS on human cells may induce the oxidative injury leading to apoptosis (Salganik 2001). To study the relationship between ROS production and apoptosis, BaP-, DBT-, and Ret-induced ROS production in SK-N-SH cells was measured following exposure to CM-H2DCFDA, which forms a fluorescent oxidation…

Rigor Mortis The term rigor stems from the Latin term meaning stiffness. Mortis stems from the Latin term meaning death. Upon death, respiration ceases to occur. Without oxygen, metabolism stops, organs shut down. The body’s main source of energy is the cell production of ATP. Wikipedia’s definition:” Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical…

Riboflavin contains a tricyclic dimethyl-isoalloxazine ring (Flavin Nucleus) that is conjugated to a 1-Carbon ribityl, an alcohol derived from pentose sugar D-ribose, is attached at the 9 position of isoalloxazine nucleus as shown in Figure 1. The metabolically active coenzymes of riboflavin are riboflavin -5-phosphate or Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that participate in many vital oxidation reduction processes. Catalytic sites of some enzymes are covalently…

Figure 1. Function and Nuclear Translocation Illustration of the Nrf-2 Pathway Preliminary data showed that SUL could ameliorate hyperoxia-compromised phagocytic function. This experiment sought to explore the mechanism behind this phenomenon. We hypothesized that the activation of Nrf-2 would increase the antioxidant potential of macrophages exposed to hyperoxia by induction of antioxidant protein, HO-1, leading to a reduction in iROS and the subsequent prevention of HMGB1 release. Significant…

What is UGT1A4? The majority of drugs are metabolized to form compounds that are more polar in structure than their parental precursors. The ultimate goal is to 1) increase the hydrophilicity of the presented compounds along with their molecular weight, 2) inactivate their biological effects and 3) facilitate their efflux from the cells, subsequently followed by excretion into bile or urine1. The metabolic enzymes in charge of this process are traditionally organized into two separate…

There's various types of ways an organism can live, one being autotrophic. Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from living beings. They're the producers of the biosphere because they can release organic molecules. Most autotrophs get their energy from photosynthesis. They store their chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules that they build themselves. Autotrophs are the ultimate source of organic compounds producing organic molecules and that's the direct link…