Oxidative phosphorylation

oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. This occurs in three phases: glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. When measuring consumption of oxygen during the oxidation of glucose, respirometers are used. Respirometers are devices that measure these types of gas volume changes, and therefore provide information about the rate of cellular…

For instance, the highly reactive oxygen species (hiROS), including the hydroxyl radical or peroxynitrite were described to result in increased oxidative damage to the biological molecules in the body (9 in 2). However, recent scientific studies have evidently changed this opinion by proving that the physiological effects of ROS really depend on its concentration and its production site (1, 2). Many…

Introduction All living organisms have need of a constant supply of energy, for the maintenance of their life processes. Energy can be defined as the ability to do work, hence, for metabolic reactions to occur a supply of energy is needed. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but transfers from one state to another. Photosynthesis and Respiration, are two processes involved in the production of energy. These processes will now be examined.…

muscle incurred through brief and acute exercise and be fulfilled through hydrolysis of creatine phosphate which provides energy to synthesize ATP from ADP. For longer durations of exercise, the bulk of metabolic demands are fulfilled through oxidative phosphorylation which a small amount of input from glycolysis. The main substrate source for prolonged exercise is fat from adipose tissue. Oxygen is essential to cellular…

sustain muscle activity and restore energy to the body, also vo2 maximum oxygen intake is a major key in cardiovascular and aerobic capacity. The ATP-PC system is the primary system and the immediate source of energy, non-oxidative glycolysis (moderate power/short duration), and oxidative metabolism systems (low power/long duration) are two secondary sources for short and long powerful movements and all muscle contractions during the average rally set and or match. When training for tennis, it’s…

Mitochondria are filamentous organelles of all aerobic cells of higher animals and plants and also certain microorganism like protozoa. Studies show that that mitochondria are the direct descendants of a bacterial endosymbiont that became established at an early stage in a nucleus-containing host cell (Gray et al., 1999). Mitochondria are surrounded by a double-membrane system, consisting of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes separated by an intermembrane space. (Cooper, 2000). It has the…

Cellular respiration goes through three parts: Glycolysis, the Citric-Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. The first process, Glycolysis, is basically where the reactants are being broken down into a compound known as pyruvate. This actually happens in the cytosol, then once glucose is broken down into pyruvate, and as it enters the mitochondrion…

IV)Oxidative phosphorylation The respiratory chain corresponds to a combination of protein complexes present in the internal membrane of the mitochondria and responsible, with ATP synthetase, for oxidative phosphorylation. This process associates the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, both produced in the dif-ferent catabolic pathways of the organism (glycolysis, Krebs…

Increased oxidative stress is directly related to depletion of GSH [18]. Apoptosis due to ROS generation is significantly related to diminished GSH content [19]. Therefore, we sought to estimate the effect of Honokiol on the expression of GSH levels in APP-CHO cells…

“mitochondrial theory of aging” (Lee and Wei 2012, Bereiter-Hahn 2014), proposing that mitochondria accumulates oxidative damage caused by ROS toxicity as the organism ages. The reactive oxygen species produced from metabolic respiration are associated with detrimental effects on mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial dysfunction then leads to abnormal amounts of ROS production, which further propagates oxidative damage. Mitochondria are an intracellular organelle essential for…