Oxidative phosphorylation

During exercise, more oxygen is being consumed by the body. As such, more ATP is required by the muscles that are involved in the contracts from the exercise. This results in a greater amount of oxygen being needed in order to make the ATP to be supplied to the body for it to be used as energy. The increased consumption of ATP requires the body to release more thyroid hormone. In order for this to happen, the body must also undergo more cellular respiration in order to consumer more oxygen. The…

Hypothalamic programming of systemic ageing involving IKK-b, NF-kB and GnRH (Zhang et al., 2013). Cellular senescence is when a cell’s replicative mechanism becomes arrested. This was phenomenon was first described in Hayflick’s experiment. Cellular senescence is usually due to protect the cell from becoming cancerous but it also plays a prominent role in aging (van Deursen, 2014). While senescence describes a halt in proliferation, cancer development is the uncontrolled proliferation of…

Phospholipids Phospholipids are a kind of lipid that are well suited to both their biochemical and physiological function. They comprise of a glycerol backbone with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails. The tails are hydrophobic, meaning that they do not interact with water. When a group of phospholipids come into contact with water they arrange themselves in a bilayer that hides the hydrophobic parts from the aqueous surroundings. This leaves the head of the phospholipid in contact with…

2015). The N. crassa strains lacking splA2 displayed growth defects in response to increased [Ca2+]c induced by the Ca2+ionophore A23187, alterations in the carotenoid profile, and decreased survival after exposure to hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and in induced thermotolerance (Barman and Tamuli, 2015). These phenotypes may result from a disruption in calcium homeostasis that suggested a possible role of splA2 in calcium signaling and regulation of homeostasis in N. crassa…

1. Introduction Alzheimer’s disease can be characterized as a neurodegenerative disease where an individual suffers from progressive loss of memory and basic mental functions. Because researchers cannot pinpoint a specific factor that causes Alzheimer’s disease, many theories exist regarding its causation. One such theory, the dysfunction mitochondria within an individual’s brain cells, the organelle’s DNA mutation, and the implications these two variables have on the causation of Alzheimer’s…

specific compound could block the dust-induced inflammation. Weaknesses • Although the each aim is focused on addressing a specific hypothesis, there is no central hypothesis. It is unclear how the PAR activation-induced STAT3 signaling fits with the oxidative stress-induced signaling in poultry dust-induced lung inflammation. • Aim 4, which determines the effect of poultry dust exposure on influenza A infection-associated lung inflammation and dysfunction, deviates from the primary focus of…

How is light energy harvested in photosynthesis? - The process where plants use light energy and convert it into chemical energy is called photosynthesis. Plants have parts of them like the chlorophyll that is present inside the chloroplast that soak in light starting a process that will end up making ATP. Carbohydrates within the plants are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. When photosynthesis occurs then sunlight is turned into sugar and this sugar is kept in the molecular bonds of…

mutants into the genetic system allow the lab to analyze the processes associated with guanine nucleotide exchange and the effects of changes in protein activity. The last component is eEF1Bgamma which plays a role in the sensitivity of the cell to oxidative stress and…

Tinnitus is the ringing in the ear, which is an unwanted sound that one can hear. The sounds can be constant or comes and goes, soft or loud, and in one ear or both. There are three ways to distinguish the symptoms of the patient’s tinnitus sound: tonal tinnitus, pulsatile tinnitus, and musical tinnitus. Tonal is a near continuous sound that are affiliated with subjective tinnitus, which is just the normal ringing sound, pulsatile is pulsing sound that one hears from their heartbeat and for some…

Magnesium is a mineral that can be described in so many different ways. It is almost impossible to name every little thing that magnesium may assist in to help our body function. To start with, magnesium is roughly involved in 300 essential reactions that happen within our body. The adult contains about 25g of magnesium in their body. Magnesium has specific recommended consumption level. If there is not enough magnesium in the body, it can cause multiple problems or illnesses. The same applies…