NMDA receptor

flavour enhancer L-glutamic acid can act as a form of neurotoxin that could potentially destroy central neurons. These two chemicals overstimulate the postsynaptic excitatory membrane receptor, leading to higher level of neurite inhibition, which can be a potential risk factor for ADHD. Also the overstimulation of NMDA receptor is often associated with mood disorder like depression (McCarthy et al., 2012). Lau and colleagues’ study furthermore looked at the cocktail effect of food additives,…

Susannah Cahalan is not only a journalist, but also someone who struggled with a mental illness. She combines these two attributes in her book Brain on Fire, in which she tells the story of her life with Anti-NMDA receptor autoimmune encephalitis. She retells how frightening it was to not understand what was happening to herself. Cahalan uses the book as a platform to get her point on living with a disease across. First off, Cahalan states that we do know have sufficient knowledge on mental…

neural communication. An example of this is the use of conventional antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia, these bind to dopamine receptors but don’t actually stimulate them and consequently because of this these are known as antagonists, this therefore has the effect that it reduces stimulation of dopamine particularly in D2 receptors; doing this reduces the amount of dopamine transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron decreasing and by doing this it therefore stops the brain…

Calcium ions are vital for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytoplasm they use allosteric effects caused by indirect transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors. Calcium signalling is cause by gradients across the plasma membrane, as the resting concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is normally kept ˷100 nM, compared to the extracellular concentration which is ˷1.5mM. To continue low concentration within the cell, Ca2+ signals can be generated either from extracellular…

a dose adjustment or more frequent monitoring by patient’s physician to safely use both medications. Along with opioid dosing, what adjuvant would you utilize and why? Ketamine is a sedative/analgesic that is a noncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor, it…

occlusion. Using various techniques, the authors were able to illustrate that IA training did mimic the effects of HFS. For instance, they were able to demonstrate that IA training caused a NMDA receptor-dependent increase in phosphorylation of the LTP biomarker serine 831 in the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA receptor, whereas phosphorylation at the LTD biomarker serine 845 in the GluR1 subunit was unaffected. Secondly, they were able to show that both GluR1 and GluR2 where translocated to the…

Diagnosis History and clinical examination in NTG is similar to PAOG with special attention to some differences. 1) History Special attention should be made to systemic associations and predisposing factors, including migraine, Raynaud’s phenomenon, episodes of shock, systemic hypotension and obstructive sleep apnea. All these factors may contribute to compromised ocular blood flow. (Kanski & Bowling, 2011). 2) Clinical examination There is evidence that the left eye is 2.5 times more likely…

to 50% of lead. Which this dosage has more detrimental effects. In a study done by John Hopkins professor (2000) is shows that lead is a potent inhibitor of the NMDA receptor, a protein known to play an important role in brain development and cognition. In this study it demonstrates that lead exposure decreased the amount of NMDA receptor gene and protein in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. Considering this, lead doesn’t just affect the brain it impacts other…

Unfortunately there has not been a specific test, or even a trial period, for definitive diagnosis of ALS. The only way to diagnose a series of physical neurological examinations and tests are to test them in many ways, which are actually intended to reject the assumption of a person with similar illnesses. There are many other illnesses that have symptoms like Alzheimer's disease (Steinberg et al. 2012). To diagnose ALS, a neurologist performs an electromyogram test. This test is used to…

Neuropathic pain whether based on an injury or a result of a form of dysfunction from the nervous system is still a condition which better treatment options are still being researched. Neuropathic pain can even be divided further into peripheral and central neuropathic pain. While peripheral pain may result from a disease, a more central neuropathic pain may result from damage to brain or spinal cord. [] Despite numerous medications in the market and therapy treatments which patients endure,…