Neuromuscular junction

various degenerative diseases alter skeletal muscle mass and function. In elderly patients, sarcopenia and failure of basal autophagy (García-Prat L, et al. 2016) is leading to muscle loss, whilst in neurodegenerative diseases the loss of neuromuscular junctions leads to muscle atrophy and even to death (Walston JD. 2012, Goljanek-Whysall K et al. 2016). In addition, the application of radiation to skeletal muscle has also been shown to alter the response to overload and impair regenerative…

1. The pinna or auricle directs sound waves into the auditory canal. The eardrum vibrates according to frequency. Vibration transmitted to malleus then incus and then stapes of the middle ear. When the stapes vibrate, the membrane of the oval window is pushed in and out. This created the fluid pressure in the perilymph. Pressure waves enter the Scala vestibule then Scala tympani and then round window. This is where the walls become deformed in Scala vestibule and Scala tympani. Pressure…

Localized injections of Botulinum toxin (Botox), is now a standard treatment for children with spastic movement disorders, including CP (NINDS, 2013). Botox inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, which interrupts the signals for muscle contractions. These injections prevent the muscle from over-contracting and allow a brief period of 3 to 6 months of reduced spasticity, giving therapists and families time to work with the affected…

Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A Introduction Botulinum toxin was first identified as a cause of food poisoning over 100 years ago (Carruthers and Carruthers, 2009). Since then, there has been an identification of seven different serotypes labeled A-G; all produced by different strains of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (Hurkadle et al., 2012). Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is the main and most well-studied serotype that is used in cosmetic (Hurkadle et al., 2012). The BTX-A can be…

Muscle can be damaged whether it be from sports injuries or other accidents. When this muscle damage occurs, the body responds accordingly in order to regenerate this lost or injured muscle. There are three main steps that are necessary in order for this renewal to occur. These steps include inflammation, revascularization/satellite cell differentiation, and innervation. (Grounds, 2011) This paper will discuss the mechanisms the body uses in order to form regenerated skeletal muscle. Muscle…

1.1 Introduction: The incidence of zygomatic complex fracture is relatively high. A thorough understanding of the diagnosis and the surgical principles are of critical importance. The zygomatic bone provides the facial appearance, through its cheek prominence. This prominence plays an important role in the protection of the eye. Moreover, the zygomatic bone acts as a strong buttress for the absorption and transmission of masticatory forces to the base of skull. Therefore, the optimum reduction…

This paper will discuss the management practices that can be implicated to help control the severity of Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis in affected horses. Because of the debilitating effects that this condition has, it is important to examine the ways that this disorder can be controlled. Low potassium diets, regular turnout, and a constant schedule have been shown to effectively manage the condition of Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis. The role of potassium in action potentials, as well as in…

its own blood supply, which irritates it even more — a vicious cycle. The "muscle knot" or trigger point can occur in muscle, the muscle-tendon junctions, bursa, or fat pad. Sometimes, trigger points can be accompanied by inflammation and if they remain long enough, what was once healthy fascia is replaced with inelastic scar…

channel synapses - neuroreceptors are enzymes that are bound to the membrane. When activated, they catalyse (cause or accelerate) the 'messenger chemical', which can have an affect on the sensitivity of the ion channel receptors in the cells. Neuromuscular junctions - synapses formed between motor neurones and muscle cells. Electrical synapses - the membranes of the two cells actually touch and they share proteins. The action potential can pass directly from one membrane to the…

Man has used biological weapons such as poisons for assassinating enemies for hundreds of years. Since the beginning of time, biological warfare has been a preferred method to annihilate populations at a time. Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is described as using biological agents like bacteria, viruses and fungi as biological weapons on a large scale to defeat the enemy. The main intention of such is to cause casualties by the medium of air, water, cattle or crops. The history…