1. The pinna or auricle directs sound waves into the auditory canal. The eardrum vibrates according to frequency. Vibration transmitted to malleus then incus and then stapes of the middle ear. When the stapes vibrate, the membrane of the oval window is pushed in and out. This created the fluid pressure in the perilymph. Pressure waves enter the Scala vestibule then Scala tympani and then round window. This is where the walls become deformed in Scala vestibule and Scala tympani. Pressure fluctuates the endolymph move the basilar membrane. Hairs of the organ of Corti then move due to basilar membrane movement. The hairs of organ of Corti move against the tectorial membrane. (Ganong, 2005)
2. Dancing eye syndrome is also called opsoclonus …show more content…
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor is an antidepressant that blocks SERT transporter or serotonin transporter. This transporter carries serotonin from presynaptic spaces. As a result serotonin builds up and 5-HT1A receptors are downregulated. The presynaptic neuron then becomes disinhibited to release more serotonin. First generation antipsychotics or typical antipsychotics are D2 antagonists. They lower neurotransmission in the four dopamine pathways. Typical antipsychotics have a high affinity for D2 receptors or dopamine receptors. Second generation antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics are serotonin-dopamine antagonists. They do so by blocking serotonin receptors. This is due to the high affinity for 5-HT2A receptors. It also dissociates from D2 receptor easily while being an agonist with 5-HT1A receptors. This increases dopamine release and reduce glutamate release. Heroin is an opiate that gives a person a euphoric feeling. It does so by activating opiate receptors in the brain. This causes secondary messengers to open ion channels. This can decrease the excitability of neurons. This is what gives the euphoric feeling. Lithium is a mood stabilizing drug. The mechanism is unclear. However, there are several theories. It can effect ion transport by slowing the transport of Na+ across the membrane. This is due to lithium related properties to sodium and lithium being substituted for sodium. It may also have effects on neurotransmitters. It may …show more content…
Brown-Sequard syndrome is an incomplete spinal cord lesion. The lesions results in damage or loss of ascending and descending spinal cord tracts. Hemorrhages develop in the gray matter shortly after injury. This leads to hemorrhagic necrosis. Myelinated fibers become extensively damaged. (McCarron, 2001) Babinski reflex occurs in infants. The big toe extends itself when the sole of the foot is touched. The reflex goes away as the child gets older. Nociceptors are stimulated and results in motor response. The toe flexors are innervated by tibial nerve and toe extensors are innervated by deep peroneal nerve.
7. Meniere disease is caused by distortion of the membranous labyrinth. This is due to an over accumulation of endolymph. The endolymph and perilymph are separated by thin membranes. If the pressure in this membrane is changed it can cause disruptions in hearing, tinnitus, vertigo, imbalance, and pressure sensations in the ear. (“Meniere’s Disease Causes,” 2008)
8. Hypothesis: Due to fear conditioning, a chimpanzee will no longer go towards a stimulus in order to avoid pain. Due to a shock being administered when picking up a circle shape, the chimp will no longer pick up this shape. Instead the chimp will pick up the opposite shape or the triangle shape. Chimpanzees in the control group in which no shock was given will show no preference to one shape over the
2. Dancing eye syndrome is also called opsoclonus …show more content…
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor is an antidepressant that blocks SERT transporter or serotonin transporter. This transporter carries serotonin from presynaptic spaces. As a result serotonin builds up and 5-HT1A receptors are downregulated. The presynaptic neuron then becomes disinhibited to release more serotonin. First generation antipsychotics or typical antipsychotics are D2 antagonists. They lower neurotransmission in the four dopamine pathways. Typical antipsychotics have a high affinity for D2 receptors or dopamine receptors. Second generation antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics are serotonin-dopamine antagonists. They do so by blocking serotonin receptors. This is due to the high affinity for 5-HT2A receptors. It also dissociates from D2 receptor easily while being an agonist with 5-HT1A receptors. This increases dopamine release and reduce glutamate release. Heroin is an opiate that gives a person a euphoric feeling. It does so by activating opiate receptors in the brain. This causes secondary messengers to open ion channels. This can decrease the excitability of neurons. This is what gives the euphoric feeling. Lithium is a mood stabilizing drug. The mechanism is unclear. However, there are several theories. It can effect ion transport by slowing the transport of Na+ across the membrane. This is due to lithium related properties to sodium and lithium being substituted for sodium. It may also have effects on neurotransmitters. It may …show more content…
Brown-Sequard syndrome is an incomplete spinal cord lesion. The lesions results in damage or loss of ascending and descending spinal cord tracts. Hemorrhages develop in the gray matter shortly after injury. This leads to hemorrhagic necrosis. Myelinated fibers become extensively damaged. (McCarron, 2001) Babinski reflex occurs in infants. The big toe extends itself when the sole of the foot is touched. The reflex goes away as the child gets older. Nociceptors are stimulated and results in motor response. The toe flexors are innervated by tibial nerve and toe extensors are innervated by deep peroneal nerve.
7. Meniere disease is caused by distortion of the membranous labyrinth. This is due to an over accumulation of endolymph. The endolymph and perilymph are separated by thin membranes. If the pressure in this membrane is changed it can cause disruptions in hearing, tinnitus, vertigo, imbalance, and pressure sensations in the ear. (“Meniere’s Disease Causes,” 2008)
8. Hypothesis: Due to fear conditioning, a chimpanzee will no longer go towards a stimulus in order to avoid pain. Due to a shock being administered when picking up a circle shape, the chimp will no longer pick up this shape. Instead the chimp will pick up the opposite shape or the triangle shape. Chimpanzees in the control group in which no shock was given will show no preference to one shape over the