Molecular beam epitaxy

1. Using Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray pictures James and Francis redeveloped the Watson - Crick Model that shows that a DNA molecule forms a double-helix. Together they hypothesised that if the strands were separated lose floating nucleotides would attach to their complimentary nitrogenous bases forming a template, which is the process of DNA replication. Their findings were published in the scientific nature journal April 1953. Crick had made an important discovery to the understanding of protein…

1) A. In 1947 Francis Crick began working with Max Perutz at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He began working on a new sector of the Laboratory where X-ray crystallography was being used in order to study protein structure. Crick's thesis project at the university was on X-ray diffraction of proteins. Crick then met John Watson and together they solved the structure of DNA using available X-ray data at the time and model building. After discovering the double helix model, Crick and…

Introduction Information processing is crucial in all fields of science. In molecular biology, the central dogma, first devised by Francis Crick, is a classical backbone of living cells to essentially perform the processes from cell division to death through the DNA, RNA, and protein information ways. More specifically, the central dogma defines the transfer of sequence information during DNA replication, transcription into RNA, and translation into amino-acid chains forming proteins. It also…

sorting of complex mixture of biological cells in different containers, depends on the respective fluorescent and light scattering properties of cells in the mixture of cells. In FACS, per second, thousands of individual cells can pass through the laser beam and these cells get separated depends on the properties of the cells i.e. size, healthiness, heterogamous nature, and phenotype. FACS is useful for the quantitative separation of the cell of interest and also to separate the subpopulation of…

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging can be used to investigate, noninvasively, a wide range of biological processes in systems as diverse as protein solutions, single cells, isolated perfused organs, and tissues in vivo. It is also possible to combine different NMR techniques enabling metabolic, anatomical, and physiological information to be obtained in the same experiment. This review provides a simple overview of the basic principles of NMR and outlines both the…

mobility and molecular weight. It can be seen more clearly that as the Rf value increased, the more the molecular weight decreased. 14.4 kD had the highest Rf of 0.926, compared to 94 kD with an Rf of 0.211. Figure 2: The semi-logarithmic graph above showed the relationship between relative mobility and molecular weight. Figure 3 showed the actual picture of the gel and its bands, noting the most important ones. Using Figure 2’s regression line, the most important bands’ molecular weight…

Polyploidy in plants play a major role in evolutionary and genetic studies. Polyploidy is characterized by the presence of multiple sets of genomes in the same organism. It is one of the major causes of speciation; thus, is it plays a major evolutionary role in angiosperm development. Its genome undergoes remarkable changes in function and structure through genetic and epigenetic changes. Epigenetic changes are mediated by RNA and chromatic remodeling and occur vie regulatory pathways. Genetic…

most common DNA amplification method in molecular biology, it was invented by Kary Mullis while working in Emeryville, California for Cetus Corporation, one of the first biotechnology companies. His invention won him a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. PCR has revolutionized the field of molecular biology as it has enabled researchers to perform experiments easily that previously had been unthinkable. Before the mid-1980s, when PCR was developed, molecular biologists had to use laborious and…

excluded volume theory, crowding provides a non-specific force that promotes processes resulting in a reduction of total excluded volume. This occurs by the formation of macromolecular complexes and the adoption of compact macromolecular conformations. Molecular crowding plays a significant role in protein folding and aggregation in vivo which suggested its importance in conformational or aggregation states. This crowding does not occur in dilute solution and hence does not show any…

4.1 The GABC Approach for Image Segmentation The GABC is the Genetic Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm. The proposed algorithm is the implementation of ABC algorithm with the key concept of GA technique.The GABC is actually the hybrid approach of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm and the Genetic Algorithm.In this method we extend Genetic Algorithm with Artificial Bee Colony operators i:e Employed Bees and Onlooker Bees to improve the solution space named as Genetic Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm…