Messenger RNA

In order to look at Ribosomes clearly and discover their function, they need to be separated from the cell and other organelles. Fractionation is the process of breaking the cells. Firstly, the tissue is added to a solution which is ice cold, with the same water potential as the cells, and with the same PH as the cells. This has the purpose of preserving the cells so they do not rot. This solution is then homogenized, this is essentially blending the solution so the cells break open. There are…

The biological instructions that make each species unique is a code often referred to as Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. In every cell in an organism DNA can be found in the cell’s nucleus. mRNA a replication of DNA leaves the cell’s nucleus and journeys to the mitochondria. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are the four coded chemical bases that the DNA uses to store information. Three of these bases code for a triplet of a codon. DNA’s four chemical bases each have a pair; A…

a Nucleolus which mainly makes Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and Ribosomes. When these Ribosomes are made, they are sent outside of the nucleus to make proteins. If the Nucleolus can’t produce Ribosomes, the cell won’t form together or produce proteins. The RNA is necessary in making proteins; it’s used to arrange Amino Acids into “special proteins” so that they can be used within the cell. This process is known as Protein Synthesis or Translation. The RNA can also be used to carry messages containing…

They are made within the nucleolus from 60% RNA and 40% protein, and consist of two subunits, one large and one small. When produced, the subunits stay separate to exit through the nuclear pores: it is only because of their miniscule size that they can fit through. Many ribosomes then bind themselves to the RER, although some stay free in the cytoplasm. Free and bound ribosomes both create polypeptide chains, which are used to make proteins. To create a polypeptide chain the large and small…

The development of biotechnology for pesticide resistance is projected to play a critical role in the agricultural industry for its potential benefits in cell and tissue culture and genetic and biochemical techniques, though minimally used today. The most common role of biotechnology thus far has been the circumnavigation of resistance to herbicides, but remains to be applied to fungicides, insecticides and rodenticides. The latest biotechnology is being developed in its techniques for…

Transforming Genetic Material To E. Coli Using Plasmids Proteins are created within the body through a process known as central dogma. This process is the transcription of DNA to RNA and the translation of RNA to proteins. The type of protein created relies on what type of messenger RNA or mRNA that was produced during the transcription of DNA. In our experiment, we looked at the specific LacZ gene that codes for beta-galactosidase, which is a protein/enzyme that can break down lactose into its…

Epigenetics in my life Michel Martinez Morales Miami Dade College Epigenetics In 1939, Waddington created a new word; epigenetics, as the link between two disciplines: developmental biology and genetics. Epigenetic studies how genes switch on and off during the development of the human being and through the lifespan, how gene activities segregate during cell division and how our progeny can inherit the consequences of our lifestyle (Holliday, 2006). To explain the concept of epigenetics, I…

Movement of cells are important since some cells depends on movement to carry out its major function. For example, sperm cells need to move from one place to another place to carry out reproduction. Movement of cells are supported by cytoskeleton system of the cells. The cyctoskeleton system are composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. However, for unicellular organisms such as Paramecium, the movement of cells are regulated through cilia or flagella. Cilia can be…

HPRT1 gene codes for an enzyme called hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1. This enzyme is responsible for recycling of purines. The recycling of purines ensures that cells have enough amount of purines for the synthesis of nucleotides (DNA & RNA). Mutation in HPRT1 gene causes a shortage or complete absence of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1. In this condition, purines are broken down but not recycled causing an increase in the levels of uric…

with natalizumab and natalizumab had no serious effect on the part of proliferating CD4+ T cells or a formation of IL-17A and IFN-c in MBP-reactive CD3+ CD8 T cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients treated with natalizumab shows levels of messenger RNA encoding TNF-a transcript. Effector T cells also have a high capacity in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and may result to a better pool of pro inflammatory…