Lymphocyte

The cardiovascular system is an integral system responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. It is composed of the muscular pumping organ, the heart, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. “A baby 's heart begins to develop at conception, but is completely formed by eight weeks into the pregnancy” (Stanford Children’s Health). As the heart reaches structural and functional maturation, it will involuntarily pump blood to the blood vessels to nourish cells…

Probiotics are the new buzz words these days, simply because we are learning more about their incredible benefits to digestive health and applying the knowledge to ward off illnesses and lead to longer, more productive lives. Probiotics are typically used in the same sentence (or two) with our immune system; the relationship between both are inextricably linked and they function together to keep our internal systems in check. This is mainly due to there being 70% of our immune system in the…

4. Discussion ZnO NPs are known to be cytotoxic and genotoxic in vitro and in vivo [9; 24-26]. However there is a lack of information where immunomodulatory effects of ZnO NPs are considered. Since, in vitro system cannot mimic the complexity of an in vivo system; hence in vivo is preferred for the toxicological evaluation. In the present study BALB/c mice were chosen as the in vivo model due to their immunocompetence and similarity with human metabolic activity, biochemical and physiological…

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. To fight diseases our bodies produce antibodies, but in an SLE patient’s case, their body will produce what’s called ‘autoantibodies’. This means their immune system cannot tell the difference between foreign invaders and healthy cells. These autoantibodies cause the symptoms of the disease. Lupus can affect the skin, joints,…

Chlamydia Chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States and a leading cause of infertility in women. It is most prevalent in sexually active younger population less than age twenty-four. In 2015, a total of 1,526,658 chlamydial infections were reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in fifty states and the District of Columbia. This case count corresponds to a rate of 478.8 cases per 100,000 population (CDC, 2016).…

Introduction Over the past few years, there is a worldwide increasing tendency for the consumption of functional foods, including probiotics, prebiotics or both. Influenza epidemics cause numerous deaths and millions of hospitalization each year. Because of the alarming emergence of resistance to anti-influenza drugs, there is a need to identify new naturally occurring antiviral molecules. Punicaceae has been used for centuries in many cultures for the prevention and treatment of a wide…

diseases. Cancer cells interact with each other and cells around them. They affect the growth of cells nearby and elsewhere in the body, they change the immune system to benefit themselves, they can avoid or destroy normal body defences such as lymphocytes. They can even persuade the body to grow new blood vessels to feed a tumour. Cancer cells move seemingly 'at will' around the body, dissolving the glue of healthy cell walls to pass through and set-up camp elsewhere, creating metastases…

HL-60 cells are invaluable as they are easy to maintain, differentiate and can be used to investigate cell development, or gene expression. HL-60 cells can be used to induce differentiation via signal transduction into monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes using various chemical agents (Cirtain et al., 2016). HL-60 cells are also used to test differentiation by viewing the cell morphology and apoptosis. After differentiation, HL-60 cells are no longer immortal and undergo an apoptosis.…

plague, typhoid, tuberculosis, and more in the 1930’s (The College of Physicians of Philadelphia 2015). Vaccines develop immunity by imitating and infection; it does not cause illness, but symptoms can occur due to the immune system producing T-lymphocytes and antibodies (both are types of white blood cells that fight off infections), which is what causes symptoms to appear (Gershon 2007). After the imitated infection goes away the body remembers how to fight off that disease in the future…

As Bayry et al explains in their journal article antibodies from healthy immune groups will somehow bind to heme and acquire the ability to recognize multiple antigens. It was originally thought that all antibodies bonded to their individual antigens in a lock and key sort of function. However, several similar studies, such as the experiment performed by Bayry et al, have led to a much different consensus. It has now been determined that many antibody molecules are capable of changing its…