Lymphocyte

proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes. The general assumption is that the cells function more effectively with greater proliferation of the lymphocytes. The division is achieved by incubating the lymphocytes with substances called mitogens e.g. phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). On the other hand, NK cell cytotoxic activity is carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of NK cells in killing altered or damaged cells. To run this assay, effectors (immune cells) are incubated with target cells (for example tumor cells) at different effector-to-target cell ratios (5:1, 10:1, 25:1, 50:1, and 100:1 are common ratios). As expected, more killing occurs with higher ratios of effector cells. Even when different…

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis is defined as an autoimmune disease (Bishay, 2016). The lymphocytes of the body attack the thyroid and affect the functioning of it. This is a life altering disease that can cause disastrous consequences to the Hashimoto’s patient (Kırmızıbekmez, 2014). This is a disease which affects body’s functionality, energy, sleeping, fatigue, metabolism and much more (Bishay, 2016). Hashimoto’s takes a toll on its victims and often they can fall into depressed and discouraged…

what protects the body. This does mean stress is not always a negative thing. The body needs some stress in order to function correctly. When stress becomes a negative aspect of life is when an individual is too stress over an extended period of time. Now that there is a better understanding of what stress itself is, I will discuss how it effects the functions of the immune system and the body in a negative way. When an individual is continuously stress the ability to fight off invades is…

triodothyronine or T3, that regulate the body’s metabolism, growth and development, and regulate body temperature. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis also known as lymphocytic thyroiditis is the most predominant autoimmune thyroid disorder. According to Zaletel and Gaberscek (2011) “lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland is often followed by a gradual destruction and fibrous replacement of the thyroid parenchymal tissue” (p. 576). As large numbers of white blood cells called lymphocytes aggregate in…

The lymphatic system is a serious of ducts, nodes, nodules and lymph vessels among other structures and components that teams up to fight off bacteria and foreign substances that enter the body. The system is part of the immune system and it relies on various types white blood cells called lymphocytes that fight off bacteria, reduce inflammation, and respond to allergic reactions. The white blood cells are produced in the marrow of the bones beginning as stem cells. The stem cells…

In order to elaborate on lymphedema, you have to understand what part of the body it’s affecting, along with the system of the body it affects. Lymphedema affects the lymphatic system of the body, in which is associated/responsible for the immunity of the body to fight off infections or diseases. There are many parts of the body that make up the lymphatic system, and each play an important role. The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and…

produced by the human body’s immune system when it detects a substance that may be harmful (antigens like: bacteria, viruses, chemicals, parasites, etc). Antibodies are sometimes produced when the immune system mistakenly considers a healthy tissue, as a dangerous one, and creates antibodies against it. This is called an “autoimmune disorder”. [8] 2.1.3. “Antigens” An antigen can be any foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response from the organism receiving it. Antigens can be…

cells can generally replace the bone marrows normal blood making cells. Patients with CLL will not make enough RBC, WBC or platelets. 5 This can lead to anemia (shortage of RBC), Leukopenia (shortage of WBC), Neutropenia (shortage of neutrophils; this can lead to serious bacterial infections), or Thrombocytopenia (shortage of blood platelets which can lead to excess bruising or bleeding). 5 CLL is a cancer of B lymphocytes which normally make antibodies which can help fight infection. With CLL…

The origin of T and B lymphocytes is through the lymphoid progenitors derived from the pluripotent stem cells within the bone marrow. Differentiation of cells that leave the bone marrow and proceed to the thymus include T lymphocytes (TL), as mature T lymphocytes will leave the thymus. Differentiation of cells that remain within the bone marrow include B lymphocytes (BL), as mature B lymphocytes leave the bone marrow and go to the secondary lymphoid organs. The production of BL begins in the…

second tier of treatment is used for patients who have plaques on more than five percent SBA and who may have been unresponsive to topical treatment alone. Phototherapy is a popular treatment option because of the lack of objectionable side effects. According to Chong et al, ultra violet light phototherapy causes initiates t- lymphocyte apoptosis in the skin which inhibits the inflammatory cascade in plaques. The only notable side effect to phototherapy is an increased risk in skin cancer…