the effectiveness of proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes. The general assumption is that the cells function more effectively with greater proliferation of the lymphocytes. The division is achieved by incubating the lymphocytes with substances called mitogens e.g. phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). On the other hand, NK cell cytotoxic activity is carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of NK cells in killing altered or damaged cells. To run this assay, effectors (immune cells) are incubated with target cells (for example tumor cells) at different effector-to-target cell ratios (5:1, 10:1, 25:1, 50:1, and 100:1 are common ratios). As expected, more killing occurs with higher ratios of effector cells. Even when different
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Natural immunity
Both lower order organisms (such as sponges) and mammals are involved in natural immunity. Cells that demonstrate this type of immune response are capable of attacking many different pathogens within a short-time frame. In simple terms, they are all-purpose and are not defensive against any specific pathogen. Examples of cells that display natural immunity include natural killer cell, granulocytes, and complement protein.
Specific immunity
In this regard, specific immunity is distinguished by its greater selectivity and lesser speed compared to the natural immune response. In other words, cells that show specific immunity attack a single invader at a time. For example, each receptor on the cell surfaces of lymphocytes responds to only one antigen of a particular invader. One setback of this process is that full defence is delayed for a number of days and during this time, the body relies on natural immunity to restrain the disease. T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic cells, and B cells are the three types of lymphocytes. T-helper cells are responsible for directing and magnifying the immune system via production of cytokines. T-cytotoxic cells identify and lyse cells that are infected with viruses or cancer. Soluble proteins otherwise known as antibody, are produced by B cells to carry out procedures such as preventing free virus from entering into cells by binding to them and neutralizing bacterial
Natural immunity
Both lower order organisms (such as sponges) and mammals are involved in natural immunity. Cells that demonstrate this type of immune response are capable of attacking many different pathogens within a short-time frame. In simple terms, they are all-purpose and are not defensive against any specific pathogen. Examples of cells that display natural immunity include natural killer cell, granulocytes, and complement protein.
Specific immunity
In this regard, specific immunity is distinguished by its greater selectivity and lesser speed compared to the natural immune response. In other words, cells that show specific immunity attack a single invader at a time. For example, each receptor on the cell surfaces of lymphocytes responds to only one antigen of a particular invader. One setback of this process is that full defence is delayed for a number of days and during this time, the body relies on natural immunity to restrain the disease. T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic cells, and B cells are the three types of lymphocytes. T-helper cells are responsible for directing and magnifying the immune system via production of cytokines. T-cytotoxic cells identify and lyse cells that are infected with viruses or cancer. Soluble proteins otherwise known as antibody, are produced by B cells to carry out procedures such as preventing free virus from entering into cells by binding to them and neutralizing bacterial