Interleukin

Another component to asthma is the abnormal accumulation of basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, and antigen presenting cells. This results in T-helper 2 cells (Th2) secreting cytokines (Riccioni et al. 2004). These cytokines called interleukins such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 which are derived from Th2 CD4+ cells and innate lymphoid cells are underlying factors of inflammatory processes (Chung et al. 2015). Those cytokines not only cause inflammation, but they also trigger various…

Biological functions: The main biological functions for CRP to determine via its ability to identify pathogens and injured cells of the host and mediate their elimination via activating the complement system and phagocytic cells (Brundish and Baddiley,1968 ; Weiser et al., 1997). CRP binds to microorganisms and mediates their killing to more recent observations of protection against bacterial pathogens in CRP transgenic mice. The most significant evidence has supported the notion that CRP plays…

Autoimmunity and the Endocrine System Chad Martin Nursing 631 Grand Canyon University December 12, 2015 Introduction The immune system in the human body is protection. Protection not only from infectious disease processes and foreign bodies but from ourselves. The immune system is great to have when working well, however, there can be unintended and serious consequences when the system fails and initiates inappropriate responses to our bodies own cells. Autoimmunity specifically is the…

Whilst we generally hear of the story of how getting pregnant was hard, but staying pregnant was easy, this story is less frequently told, but occurs with approximately 15% of all pregnancies (Serrano and Lima 2006). “At 29 I discovered that, for me, getting pregnant was easy, but staying pregnant was difficult. It took three miscarriages before I finally fell pregnant and stayed that way, eventually leading to my first successful pregnancy at age 34.” It is stories like these that make us…

Sepsis continues to be a significant cause of death and morbidity in the intensive care unit (ICU), with documented mortality rates as high as 50% (Nargis, Ibrahim, & Ahamed, 2014). Moreover, it is also estimated to be the principal cause of death and illness worldwide (Singer et al., 2016). The socioeconomic costs related to sepsis in the United States were determined to be more than $20 billion in 2011 (Balk et al., 2017). Also, there has been a steady increase in the incidences of sepsis…

Carol is a 17-year-old patient who has been admitted to hospital. She has previously been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, and has been suffering from this since the age of 7. Carol is 6 weeks pregnant, and is showing signs of dehydration, high blood glucose, weight loss and changes in mood. It is important to understand the underlying cause of Carol’s symptoms to eliminate any problems in both her babies and her own health. This can be done through critically analysing the pathophysiology of her…

The Tragedy We Created: Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Antibiotic resistant bacteria, commonly known as superbugs, take credit for 700,000 fatalities every year. Out of the 700,000 annual deaths, 23,000 took place in the United States. Superbugs, defined as bacteria resistant to medication, exists as a festering boil on the face of modern medicine. Patients, doctors, and farmers alike play a role in allowing bacteria to have the upper-hand (The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis). Now more than ever,…

BRMS1 PROMOTER AND METASTATIC BREAST CANCER BRMS1, a functional gene, is composed of 10 exons and ranged from 7.8kb of genomic DNA. It is a member of mSIN3-HDAC transcription co-repressor complex and resides normally in the nucleus. Product of alternative splicing, two mRNA transcripts, which are in turn translated into two distinct proteins, 246 amino acids and 290 amino acids. When the structure of BRMS1 promoter is studied, two hyper methylated cytosine-phosphoguanine (CpG)…

these effects, and the benefits of proper nutrition on immune function following exercise stress. During the presentation, Dr. Murphy discussed two studies focused on elucidating the effect of cells of the immune system, including macrophages and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), on susceptibility to viruses. One study…

preparation, that includes blood routine test, urine and stool test, electrocardiograph (ECG), and chest X-ray. Her blood routine such as serum creatinine, liver function tests (LFTs), complete blood count (CBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), calcitonin and interleukin 6 (IL-6) tests, erythrocyte sedimentation ratio (ESR) and coagulation test were all normal. Urine and stool…