Hematuria

normal is clear yellow or amber 2. straw colored = diluted 3. highly colored = concentrated urine due to insufficient fluid intake 4. cloudy or smoky = infection, spermatozoa 5. red or red brown = hematuria, bleeding or drugs and food 6. yellow-brown or green-brown = obstructive jaundice or lesion from bile duct 7. dark-brown or black = malignant melanoma or leukemia • pH 1. maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and ECF…

red blood cells (hemoglobin) to appear in the urine, making the urine red (hematuria). In most cases, the body can make enough new red blood cells to replace the damaged cells. If the body cannot replace red blood cells quickly enough, the blood will not carry enough oxygen throughout the body (anemia). This can cause fatigue and weakness. CAUSES…

Pathophysiology Glomerulonephritis is an infection of the glomerular membrane which impairs proper function. In the kidney, this membrane is responsible for the filtration of water and associated solutes out of the body while simultaneously keeping plasma proteins in the cardiovascular system. When an alteration occurs, the permeability of the membrane decreases, thus decreasing the overall glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the kidney and leading to complications associated with low…

Urine testing can be a useful way to reflect on an individual’s overall health status. Examining the waste products found in urine by using chemical reagent dipsticks can reveal information about the health of a patient (Mulryan, 2011, p. 234). Properly analyzing the chemical reagent dipstick can help aid in the diagnosis of an individual. According to Mulryan (2011), specific tests are found on the reagent dipstick, including, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, protein, nitrite, leukocytes,…

urinary bladder may be functional and symptomatic in more than half of the cases, or non-functional tumour as our report case.6 Symptomatic paraganglioma of the bladder may be present with the symptoms of hypertension, headache, palpitations, and hematuria and even up to Micturition syncope. These symptoms are caused by compression and therefore irritation of the tumor in the bladder wall which result in increased catecholamine release during detrusor contraction during micturition, bladder…

The reasons this patient requires retrograde and antegrade pyelography is because there were three distinct abnormalities on IVP, which could have been responsible for the hematuria. IVP is a more sensitive for detection of small lesions of the ureter or renal pelvis. The IVP has a higher sensitivity and specificity than an abdominal plain film for the detection of stones and provides data about the degree of obstruction. The IVP can also visualize both the bladder and the upper urinary tracts.…

In the genitourinary clinical case study, a 60-year-old Hispanic male presented to the hospital with symptoms of enlarged prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This paper will analyze and create a comprehensive care plan for an acute and chronic care of BPH, as well as prevention and health promotion education for the patient regarding the disease process. I will refer the patient in the genitourinary clinical case study as Mr. A throughout this paper. BPH is a common concern affecting…

Rhabdomyolysis Pathophysiology, Risk Factor, Manifestations, and treatment Rhabdomyolysis is potentially life-threatening disease that rapidly breaks down the muscle fibers that causes the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space and bloodstream. Physical interruptions in the sarcolemma membrane, called delta lesions, suggest that the sarcolemma membrane is the route through which muscle constituents are released (McCance & Huether, 2014). Rhabdomyolysis is an increase in…

Introduction Primary renal tumors account for approximately 2% of all canine cancers.11 Tissues of origin include the renal epithelium, renal mesenchyme or embryonal tissue of mixed origin.1 Roughly 10% of primary renal tumors originate from embryonal pluripotential blastema, which include Wilms’ tumor, nephroblastoma, and embryonal nephroma.11 The majority of diagnosed renal tumors occur in older dogs; however, nephroblastoma is unique in that it is seen in juveniles. The mean age for…

The 52-year-old African American has insufficient personal medical and family history because his father died in an automobile accident when he was a child, and he has not seen a doctor in the last 10 years. I will ask the patient if his mother told him about any concerning health issue regarding his late father, and if any of his uncle on his father side has any health issue and what type. Also, when he had his last routine physical and was there any abnormal findings, again why he decided not…