Guanine

It’s important to realize that each scientific break through is made possible by the work that came before it. It’s a lot like putting puzzle pieces together, collecting different important evidence until enough puzzle pieces result in another break through. Fifty years ago two scientists announced to a lunch time crowd that they had discovered the secret to life. How DNA changed the world To begin with scientists used to have no understanding of what caused distinct patterns of inheritance.…

Fragile X syndrome is a mutation that can occur on a segment of a human being’s DNA. The disease was first studied in 1943 by British physician James Purdon Martin and British human geneticist named Julia Bell. As a result, Fragile X is also referred to as the Martin-Bell syndrome because of their discovery. Though it was not until 1969 that scientist Herbert Lubs discovered what exactly causes Fragile X syndrome. He explained that victims of this mutation will possess an X chromosome with…

Epigenetics is the modification of the genome to regulate gene expression. This process is achieved through a variety of different mechanisms including but not limited to, chromatin condensation, acetylation modification, and methylation modification. Gene expression can also be altered through a number of non-epigenetic mechanisms, such as environmental factors, like temperature, and the introduction of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) into the environment. The level of chromatin…

How does the gene code works to control variation within a species: Genes control variation by coding for certain traits inside an organism. Those codes are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. All of these four codes are acids and these acids depends on the variation within a species. This is how it makes an organism change the way it look physically. The four simple coded message codes for everything like eye color to height. Genes codes for many traits and they are important in…

PURPOSE The purpose of this lab was to isolate DNA from a strawberry. METHODS We used a variety of materials to extract the DNA from the strawberry. These include a disposable cup, a rubber band, a plastic knife, a zipper bag, a pipet, a coffee filter, ethanol, a lysis buffer, a test tube, an inoculating loop, and a strawberry. The general objects that we used for convenience and safety include a lab coat, a tray to cut the strawberry, and lots of paper towels. The…

Proteins Proteins are large, complex macromolecules that play many important roles in organisms. They are required for the regulation, structure, and function of the body’s organs and tissues. Some may act as antibodies, chemical messengers, enzymes, structural components, and transport devices within the cell. Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller subunits known as amino acids. Amino acids are made up of a single carbon atom attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a…

synthesized by synthase and is now PRPP (or phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate). The PRPP is then, converted to the nucleotide IMP (or inosine monophosphate). The nucleotide IMP can then, be converted to both purines AMP (or adenosine monophosphate) and GMP (guanine monophosphate). Both purines AMP and GMP are further broken down by xanthine oxidase to make uric acid. However, individuals with hyperuricemia resulting in gout have an overproduction of purines. Therefore, if the purines are continuing…

to know that the number of purines in a person’s DNA was the same as the number of pyrimidines; particularly, the amount of adenine was equal to the amount of thymine, and similarly with cytosine and guanine (“Discovery of DNA Structure & Function”). These nitrogenous bases include adenine and guanine as purines, and thymine and cytosine as pyrimidines. The only step remaining would be to explain how these chains work…

that Acyclovir is phosphorylated into monophosphate purine analog, and remained in the infected cells before being converted into the triphosphate active form by the viral thymidine kinase. Once in this form, DNA polymerase will substitute it for Guanine triphosphate into the viral DNA chain. Due to Acyclovir’s structure, the lack of a second hydroxyl group prevents another residue to be attached and terminates chain growth. This mode of action for chain termination became a standard in drug…

in the HTT gene, this gene controls the production of the huntingtin protein. The exact purpose of the protein has still not been determined but it works closely with the neurons in our brains. The mutilation causes the CAG (cytosine, adenine and guanine) trinucleotide repeat to appear excessively. In…