Guanine

When Francis Crick and James Watson(top photo) discovered the secret of life found in DNA, many believed that the genetic revolution was upon them. As the understanding of genetic code grew, people began to hope for healthier lives and an end of inherited diseases. Although the fear of scientists playing god grew as well. This simple molecule was now basic unit of creation, and another pair of scientists were looking to find how its structure worked. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice…

regulated. At the beginning, the Rab protein is in the cytoplasmic pool in its inactive form, bound to GDP. In the GDP-bound form, they associate with a guanine dissociation inhibitor (GDI), which stabilizes the inactive Rab in the cytosol. In order to be activated, GDP has to be a changed to GTP. This reaction is facilitated by one or more guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Due to the high cytosolic concentration of GTP (~1mM), it is ensured that GTP binds to Rab as soon as GDP has…

Adenine and Guanine are Purines as they have a double ring structure whereas Cytosine and Thymine are Pyrimidines as they have a single ring structure. These bases, attached to the sugar-phosphate back bone of both strands, join adjacently in a complimentary fashion. This means that a purine will bind to a pyrimidine therefore Adenine always binds with Thymine, which forms two hydrogen bonds, and Guanine always binds with Cytosine, which forms three hydrogen…

1) Centrioles are a paired feature of animal mitotic spindles that protrude away from the centrisome of cells and are primarily tasked with the creation of microtubules. The microtubules give way to mitotic spindles, which play a vital role in both mitosis and cytokinesis as they give cilia and flagellum the ability to generate motion and they ensure both newly formed cells contain paired centrioles during the later stages of cell division. Kinetochores are protein structures that produce…

Summary: All biological molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A carbohydrate (C,H,O) is a biological molecule consisting of hydrogen , carbon, and oxygen atoms exclusively. They are the building blocks for polysaccharides, larger more complex carbohydrates. An example of a carbohydrate is glucose (the energy source for plants). Carbohydrates are the source of short term energy in organisms. Proteins (C,H,O,N) are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen on a base level. Proteins…

many differences about the prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells. The DNA replication of a eukaryotic cell would be two chains held together by H bonds. The nitrogenous bases that eukaryotes have are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. DNA structure composes of one chain having guanine paired with cytosine by three H- bonds and one chain having adenine and thymine held by two H- bonds. The transcription of eukaryotic cells gets carried from the nucleus and proceeds in three stages: initiation,…

Achondroplasia is defined as without cartilage formation. Meaning that cartilage is a tough one but it is also an flexible tissue that makes up much of the skeleton during early developments. It’s an bone growth disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism. As of dwarfism, it’s an condition of short stature as an adult. There are problems dealing with achondroplasia and the problem is it not forming cartilage but it is converting it to a bone. The process of forming the cartilage and…

known to humans. The DNA of an individual is located in the nucleus of the cell and it is the same in every cell. DNA is the genetic makeup of an individual and it is unique to them, meaning, no one has the same genetic code of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Every person and living thing have a unique genetic code and sequence of the four chemical bases. DNA has been evolving since the beginning of time and tools have been created to identify who the DNA belongs to. Being able to…

other chemists, including Phoebus Levene who identified the components of the molecule, including the presence of ribose sugars and phosphate groups, as well as four nucleotide bases; the pyrimidines, cytosine (C), and thymine (T); and the purines, guanine (G), and adenine (A) (Levene 1919). Erwin Chargaff showed that in DNA the amount of adenine nucleotides equalled the number of thymine nucleotides and the number…

component of eEF1 is the eEF1Balpha, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) found in yeast. Its function is to catalyze the exchange of GDP for GTP to maintain the pool of active protein. The use eEF1B free genetic system allows Professor Kinzy’s labs to manipulate eEF1 without the GEF in order to understand how G- proteins are regulated. The introduction of of eEF1B mutants into the genetic system allow the lab to analyze the processes associated with guanine nucleotide exchange and the…