Introduction DNA is called deoxyribonucleic acid. This contains a phosphate group, sugars, and a complementary base. DNA is found in plants and animal cells in the nucleus. The nucleus is the control center where DNA is replicated or produced within a cell. DNA also contains our genetic material. This is possible due to differences in individual’s phenotype and genotype. DNAs structure is double helical; meaning two strands are parallel to each other and in a ladder formation. This can occur…
DNA is composed of two strands composed of polynucleotides arranged in a double helix formation composed of four nucleotide subunits: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Each base must form a hydrogen bond with its respective compatible base, therefore adenine always bonds with thymine and guanine always bonds with cytosine. DNA is used to transfer genetic information to be able to duplicate a cell completely and successfully(6). Mutations occur when the replication…
Introduction The predominant disease that mutant FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) gene causes is Achondroplasia. Furthermore, Achondroplasia means the absence of chondrocyte formation in bones. Additionally, the transformation of chondrocytes into bone cells is prevalent in the limbs as well as the facial bones of humans (1). Therefore, the predominant symptom of Achondroplasia is bone growth retardation and is found in the limbs as well as facial bones. The majority of people…
subunit (Gα); beta subunit (Gβ) and gamma subunit (Gγ). The Gβ and Gγ tend to stick together essentially forming a single sub unit in signalling pathways. Hence they are often referred to as the Gβγ subunit complex. The Gα of the G-Proteins binds to guanine nucleotides: in its active state the G-Protein is bound to…
earlier genetic study. Early genetic research included that of Biochemist Erwin Chargaff, who had composed Chargaff’s rules. His rules stated that among DNA’s four bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) always appeared in ratios of one-to-one as did guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Two other researchers, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, had gotten X-ray images of DNA that suggested a helical, spiral shape (“The Francis Crick Papers,” 2013). To create their models, Watson and Crick adopted the…
MSA University, faculty of pharmacy, Bio chemistry department. Course code PB301 Nucleotides Student name: ID: Under supervision of DR: Teaching assistant Structure Nucleic acids are polymers consist of units called nucleotides. These mononucleotide units react together by intermolecular dehydration reactions that create phosphate ester bonds. Those reactions are either, catalyzed or specialized enzymes. The nucleotide units are created by smaller types of components. Each nucleotide…
Erwin Schrödinger was a physicist pioneer who gave a series of lectures in 1944. They were published under the title What is Life? (Harold, 2001). Though philosophical in nature, many have wondered if life can be reduced to biology or even further down to chemistry. This sent many scientists looking for the answer and spawned the guiding question, could human life be artificially created at the cellular level? This would consist of arranging the correct amounts of various elements into the…
Tamecia your candid discussion is quite welcomed. I found your analysis of Mr. Wayne’s ballad to be guanine and sincere because most people are not willing to be forthright by stating that they might be unsure in their assumption of the ballad. When you said “correct me if I’m wrong” to me that was a way of welcoming criticism from your peers. However, I found your work to be spot on and I have no qualsm with what you stated. When you used yourself as a source it gave your discussion a personal…
unaffected and the likelihood that L.A.’s unborn child will be affected. Genetic Mutation Fragile-X-associated mental retardation syndrome is a syndrome distinguished by a cytogenetic mutation of the X chromosome with repeat expansion of cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) on the FMR1 gene…
section of DNA is lost, or deleted.” Both insertion and deletion cause a frameshift in the DNA nucleotide sequence. In substitution, one base pair is substituted for another (i.e. a change in a single nucleotide such as switching a Thymine (T) with a Guanine…