Constructivist epistemology

Descartes uses a structural method of dissecting and questioning knowledge to establish truth amongst provided information. The introspection into his method begins in part one, when he sets the mental foundation for the proper understanding of real world elements and emphasizes how unreliable reasoning and perspective can be. In part two Descartes, uses personal experiences to demonstrate real world applications of his own method. Lastly, Descartes remains true to his method of reasoning ,…

Both of the class readings by Carnap and Goldstein discuss what being considered a scientific facts means. Carnap refers to scientific facts as a singular statement that needs to be differentiated from universal laws due to the common misconception. Carnap argues that many people confuse laws with facts and use the term in the wrong sense. An example from Carnap’s writing is the statement that “all ice is cold” this would be considered a universal law because it suggests that any piece of ice at…

In the age of the Internet personal liberty in speech and thought needs to be left with as little amount of censoring as possible. We see this increased call for censorship because as a society, you see a greater intolerance for truths that go against other people’s beliefs. Like John Stuart Mill, I believe that by maximizing personal liberty of speech we will create a greater society because we will all be free to discuss our views and hear the ones against us to further develop ideas and…

Life is Not That Easy In the book “The Achievement Habit” by Roth, Bernard, the theme of chapter two “Reasons are Bullshit” is do not use reasons to justify someone 's behavior. The main point is to stop using reasons to get out of certain situations and to stop making those certain actions seem reasonable. Roth’s rhetorical appeals and arguments are effective because he explains how reason are simply excuses to hide what people 's priorities really are. Roth backs up his argument using…

The term epistemology is the theory of knowledge of how it is attained and confirmed, and it is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion. One of the most influential philosophers of epistemology is David Hume. He is also a skeptic who believes that many people are conceived by the things they think they know which fails them to perceive the truth. In the following, I will be explaining about how Hume argue against religion using objection to the cosmological argument…

Name: Course: Institution: Date: Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes: Failure of Descartes replies to his objections In ‘Meditations on First Philosophy' Descartes provides a true and certain foundation upon which to build a system of knowledge. According to Descartes, we can only guarantee our beliefs regarding a reality by limiting all what we believe to be indubitable. In his first Meditation, Descartes argues that the existence of a reflective thought should be the first principle…

The enlightenment was a reformation of thought. Philosophers sought to question if the facts we are given are true and define enlightenment. Kant and Descartes discuss enlightenment in the context of intellect whereas Lessing and Smith discuss enlightenment of toleration and compassion. All four of these authors contributed immensely to the enlightenment and as a whole answered what enlightenment is. Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher and who posed the question of “What is enlightenment?”…

In our class, we have spent our time discussing and arguing about popular philosophers and their narratives. Narratives which describe us as people and others as thinking things. Regardless of what do we think about ourselves, we all have similarities and ideas where we can meet each other. These similarities being bound to what reality or perspective of reality we have, thus arguing about the similarities where The Truman Show and Plato’s allegory of the cave meet each other. The goal is to…

Carruthers and Ziolkowski present an argument that the act of recollection is “an activity involving human will and thought; it is often defined as a form of reasoning” (Carruthers and Ziolkowski 1). This paper will discuss what Carruthers and Ziolkowski describe as the basic principles of memoria, locational memory and the two kinds of memoria to support their argument that recollection is a form of reasoning. Further, they emphasize how recollection is often said to be passive in modern day,…

Name Institution Professor Course Date Logic 1. Valid and invalid arguments A valid logic argument is has a condition that all premises are true meaning the conclusions cannot be false in any way. On the other hand, an invalid argument is the one that offers a possibility of its conclusion being false even if all other premises are true. Differences For the logically valid arguments, adding an extra premise do not have an effect on the conclusions, that is, if the conclusion is validly…