Cell membrane

might include membrane size, pressure, etc. Water being the solvent moves in between a semi-permeable membrane in one direction always from the less concentrated area to a high. The semi-permeable passage is the major reason osmosis only deals with water, as its properties only allow certain components to flow through. The membrane contains small holes in which small molecules such as water can pass through. During this movement weather the water is moving in or out of the membrane the tonicity…

Introduction Most aspects of a cell depend on the fact that atoms and molecules have kinetic energy and are constantly in motion. Kinetic energy causes molecules to bump into each other and move into different places. Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Cells have selectively permeable membranes that only allow the movement of certain solutes. Diffusion is vital for many of life’s functions in a cell. It allows…

plasma membrane, as the resting concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is normally kept ˷100 nM, compared to the extracellular concentration which is ˷1.5mM. To continue low concentration within the cell, Ca2+ signals can be generated either from extracellular calcium or from within the intracellular stores. Some proteins within the cell act as sensors and buffers to ensure that the concentration remains within its range and does not rise above 10x-7M that can cause cell death. When cells are…

This difference in concentration causes fluids within the cell to shift into the vascular space. Patients that have severe hyponatremia or cerebral edema benefit from an IV infusion of this solution. The infusion should be administered at a slow rate to prevent any edema formation and fluid volume overload. The…

blood plasma. This binding to the plasma proteins can play a significant role in determining drug distribution. This binding also plays a role in drug dynamics in that only the unbound or free drugs interact with the receptors and penetrate the cell membranes. Albumin along with others (i.e. lipoproteins, al-acid-glycoprotein) help with the binding process. As a result of this process, the drug that is bound is maintained in the blood stream while the unbound components are excreted or…

bacterium consists of a double membrane and is helically shaped (1). One of the membranes is an inner membrane and the other membrane is the outer membrane, also consisting of a protoplasm that is generally cylindrical and long. The most unique feature of the Borrelia burgdorferi is its ability to travel easily through its host’s fluids and tissues by using their highly adaptive flagella (2). The flagella in most spirochetes is found in the periplasm between the diderm membranes. It has a…

Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, and your favorite, Caffeine. The goal for the experiment was to determine where the drugs may reside according to their properties. We learned that there are parts in the cell that are more hydrophobic (water-fearing) and other parts that are hydrophilic (water-loving). The cell membrane is mostly hydrophobic and the cytosol is mostly hydrophilic. We made predictions of where the drugs would reach giving their chemical structure. This…

the platelets and begins with a myeloid stem cell, which produces the progenitor cell when stimulated and becomes a megakaryoblast. The megakaryoblast responds to the hormone thrombopoietin and forms a megakaryocyte. The platelets are formed when small, membrane bound portions of cytoplasm break away. Leukopoiesis is the formation of white blood cells. The myeloid cell line forms granulocytes and monocytes, which share a common stem cell. The stem cell is stimulated by CSFs to make myeloblast,…

in a tissue-specific manner forming the IR isoform A. This contributes to the major functional difference between the two isoforms, such that isoform A has more affinity for IGF-2. (1) Occurrence Insulin receptor occurs in the plasma membrane of a variety of cells in brain (olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, neurons, and pituitary lobe), kidney, liver (heapatocytes), heart, lungs (pulmonary alveoli),…

glucose in the glucose sodium cotransporter, SGLT1 [6]. SGLT1 uses the sodium gradient to move the glucose molecule down the gradient since it does not have its own energy to do so [6]. The sodium ion pulls molecule with it as it goes back into the cell through carrier proteins. Na+/K+ Pump and the Heart The regulation of Na+/K+-ATPase is important to the muscle tissue of the heart, the myocardial [4]. The ATPase enzymes determine the “set point” and regulate contraction of the cardiac and…