Cellulose acetate

2.0 Literature Review This literature review section will describe the fundamental or important topic of this study. 2.1 Hard capsule Capsule, tablet, syrup is among the type of oral administration drug delivery carrier. The capsule is a solid dosage form of drug delivery, which derived from degradable polymer film. The capsules can be divided into hard and soft capsule types. The capsules can be segmented by source of raw materials, and end users. The segmentation by source of raw materials can be divided to pigskin gelatin, bone-derived gelatin, bovine-hide gelatin, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), pullulan, starch materials, and others. While segmentation by end users are includes the pharmaceutical industry, nutraceutical industry,…

Arabidopsis cell wall mutants INTRODUCTION & AIMS Plant cell walls are highly dynamic structure which is made up of polysaccharide such as cellulose. In plant cell, cellulose is synthesised at the plasma membrane by the enzyme cellulose synthase (CesA) which forms rosette structure with 18 CesA proteins in total. Mutating any of these CesA proteins is thought to interfere with the normal production of cellulose in plant. As cellulose is an important component of cell wall and is essential for…

utilization. The apple pomace mainly consists of insoluble carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It also contains numerous phytochemicals, such as simple sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), pectin, natural antioxidants such as flavanols (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidins), flavonols, hydroxycinnamates and dihydrochalcones, as well as small amount of proteins, minerals, and vitamins4, 8-9. More than 1.3 million tons of apple pomace are produced per year and about $10…

Two bacterial strains of C. felsineum were selected as their high pectinolytic activity. The cultured bacteria was transferred into 17 L capacity jar and anaerogen was placed to create anaerobiosis. The jar was then placed at 37 ⁰C for 96 h. For each retting, 100 g dry bast samples (replicate 4) was placed in 9 L plastic tanks. The fiber ratio and water was 1:50 and left for 7 days at 30 ⁰C. For chemical retting, 2% of NaOH solution was prepared. Bast sample and NaOH were placed in glass…

Certain carbohydrates found in the feed will affect the digestibility of the feeds. Additionally, monogastric animals are still far more effected by the digestibility of the feed than ruminants are. Ruminants are able to digest the carbohydrates hemicellulose and cellulose where as monogastric animals simply are not able to. This is, once again, due to the presence of microorganisms in the rumen that are able to digest those carbohydrates and convert them into the volatile fatty acids, VFAs, the…

Lignocellulosic-based biomass Unlike starch, lignocellulosic biomass is a plant-based material composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. This class of biomass includes wood and fibrous materials from organic sources, agricultural wastes, organic municipal wastes, and organic industrial wastes [18]. Agricultural wastes contribute as the major lignocellulosic resources investigated for biofuel production. Among them are oil palm biomass [19,20], corn stalk [21], rice straw [22], wheat…

Extracellular or bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by nonpathogenic aerobic bacteria in a culture medium containing carbon and nitrogen sources can be promising biodegradable nanofibers for composite materials because of their excellent mechanical properties [1]. Although BC is chemically identical to plant-based cellulose, it exists in extremely pure form and does not contain any hemicellulose, lignin, pectin or wax materials [2]. In addition, it has higher crystallinity, degree of…

wood pulp. Wood and other natural materials such as cotton and most plant fibres are made from cellulose fibres. Cellulose is an organic compound and is made from three different atoms; Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen. The chemical formula of cellulose is (C6H10O5) where C is six carbon atoms, H is 10 hydrogen atoms and O being 5 oxygen atoms. Cellulose is bound together by linear chains of hundreds upon thousands of D -glucose units as shown in the diagram below. Cellulose is a natural…

Bromination of trans-cinnamic acid Purpose and Introduction The halogenation of of trans-cinnamic acid using pyridinium tribromide was connected in the organic solvent glacial acetic acid in order to verify and test which addition mechanism the reaction would follow. In the anti-addition mechanism, bromines attach themselves on opposite sides of the alkene functional group in a compound. In a syn-addition, the attach to the same side of the alkene. The reaction synthesis was completed by using a…

瀀瀀ract The purpose of Isolation of Bixin from Annatto Seeds using Column Chromatography was to separate and purify macroscopic amounts of pure bixin compound from annatto seed ex-tract.1 A mixture of bixin, methylbixin, and norbixin were extracted from annatto seeds. Bixin was then isolated from the mixture through the use of the column chromatography technique. The isolated bixin was characterized through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis, which displayed an Rf value of 0.317, which…