Cellulose

Extracellular or bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by nonpathogenic aerobic bacteria in a culture medium containing carbon and nitrogen sources can be promising biodegradable nanofibers for composite materials because of their excellent mechanical properties [1]. Although BC is chemically identical to plant-based cellulose, it exists in extremely pure form and does not contain any hemicellulose, lignin, pectin or wax materials [2]. In addition, it has higher crystallinity, degree of polymerization, specific surface area, and significantly higher mechanical properties compared to the plant-based cellulose [3,4]. It has some other unique properties, such as low density, low thermal expansion as well as high optical transparency [1,5]. As a…

2.0 Literature Review This literature review section will describe the fundamental or important topic of this study. 2.1 Hard capsule Capsule, tablet, syrup is among the type of oral administration drug delivery carrier. The capsule is a solid dosage form of drug delivery, which derived from degradable polymer film. The capsules can be divided into hard and soft capsule types. The capsules can be segmented by source of raw materials, and end users. The segmentation by source of raw…

Arabidopsis cell wall mutants INTRODUCTION & AIMS Plant cell walls are highly dynamic structure which is made up of polysaccharide such as cellulose. In plant cell, cellulose is synthesised at the plasma membrane by the enzyme cellulose synthase (CesA) which forms rosette structure with 18 CesA proteins in total. Mutating any of these CesA proteins is thought to interfere with the normal production of cellulose in plant. As cellulose is an important component of cell wall and is essential for…

Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide that consists of glucose residues with β-1, 4-glycosidic linked in the main chain and is the most common natural renewable biopolymer. Its degradation is made by the hydrolytic action of the cellulase, a multiple enzymatic system. Cellulase due to its massive applicability has been used in various industrial processes such as biofuels like bioethanol, lactic acid and single cell protein, through saccharification lignocellulosics or hydrolysis of cellulosic…

utilization. The apple pomace mainly consists of insoluble carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It also contains numerous phytochemicals, such as simple sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), pectin, natural antioxidants such as flavanols (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidins), flavonols, hydroxycinnamates and dihydrochalcones, as well as small amount of proteins, minerals, and vitamins4, 8-9. More than 1.3 million tons of apple pomace are produced per year and about $10…

wood pulp. Wood and other natural materials such as cotton and most plant fibres are made from cellulose fibres. Cellulose is an organic compound and is made from three different atoms; Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen. The chemical formula of cellulose is (C6H10O5) where C is six carbon atoms, H is 10 hydrogen atoms and O being 5 oxygen atoms. Cellulose is bound together by linear chains of hundreds upon thousands of D -glucose units as shown in the diagram below. Cellulose is a natural…

Lignocellulosic-based biomass Unlike starch, lignocellulosic biomass is a plant-based material composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. This class of biomass includes wood and fibrous materials from organic sources, agricultural wastes, organic municipal wastes, and organic industrial wastes [18]. Agricultural wastes contribute as the major lignocellulosic resources investigated for biofuel production. Among them are oil palm biomass [19,20], corn stalk [21], rice straw [22], wheat…

Two bacterial strains of C. felsineum were selected as their high pectinolytic activity. The cultured bacteria was transferred into 17 L capacity jar and anaerogen was placed to create anaerobiosis. The jar was then placed at 37 ⁰C for 96 h. For each retting, 100 g dry bast samples (replicate 4) was placed in 9 L plastic tanks. The fiber ratio and water was 1:50 and left for 7 days at 30 ⁰C. For chemical retting, 2% of NaOH solution was prepared. Bast sample and NaOH were placed in glass…

Certain carbohydrates found in the feed will affect the digestibility of the feeds. Additionally, monogastric animals are still far more effected by the digestibility of the feed than ruminants are. Ruminants are able to digest the carbohydrates hemicellulose and cellulose where as monogastric animals simply are not able to. This is, once again, due to the presence of microorganisms in the rumen that are able to digest those carbohydrates and convert them into the volatile fatty acids, VFAs, the…

Kraft Heinz Co Consumers sued Kraft Heinz Co for mislabeling to deceive buyers on their “100% grated Parmesan cheese”. Consumers believed because the ingredients stated it contained cellulose filling the labels were wrong because the container was not filled with “100% grated Parmesan cheese”. The U.S. judge dismissed this lawsuit due to the fact that there is a label of ingredients, additives are needed for a dairy product to not have to be refrigerated, and the 100% could mean it is just…