Aromatic hydrocarbon

Out of Gas by David Goodstein addresses a plethora of different environmental issues mostly surrounding oil and the oil industry. Throughout the eight-part book Goodstein reminds the reader each time to keep an open mind, explore environmental dilemmas, and become active in the fight to find an alternative energy source. The eight main points in this book are understanding the opportunities and limitations the future holds for alternative energy resources, Hubbert’s Peak, America’s excess use of…

Over the years Brownsville, Texas has been in the process of industrializing and coming up with ideas to do so. Recently, Brownsville has proposed to build a Liquefied natural gas, “(LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport” (Project). This process also requires very strict safety measures and precautions during all liquefaction stages, due to the flammable nature of the gas involved. If a leak happens in the process…

What will happen to the world when it runs out of oil for gasoline? Researchers have been working to find an alternative source. Their main priority is ethanol. They are constantly trying to figure out if it will work, how much it is used right now, and if it will ever carry out the same jobs that gasoline can do. Ethanol will not be a viable gas alternative. Corn cannot be made fast enough to sustain the same level of usage as gasoline the production of ethanol is very expensive, and it…

Since the technology became more in demand, our energy consumption has increased rapidly. Most of this energy consumption is given by fossil fuels, for instance, coal, or natural gas. However, some research shows a questionable method of drawing out natural gas: Hydraulic fracturing or fracking, “the injection of fluid at high pressure into an underground rock formation in order to pen fissures and allow trapped gas or crude oil to flow through a pipe to a wellhead at surface” (). The technique…

experiments demonstrated the theory and concepts behind electrophilic aromatic substitution. As the term states, the experiments deal with the chemistry of six membered ring compounds and their transformations through electrophilic substitutions. This type of reaction transforms the aromatic compound by allowing various functional groups to be attached to it. The general process of this reaction is a hydrogen on an aromatic ring, most simply an arene, being replaced by an electrophile. The…

methyl m-nitrobenzoate using electrophilic aromatic substitution. An example of electrophilic aromatic substitution is nitration where a hydrogen atom which is part of a aromatic ring is substituted by an electrophile. For benzene, aromaticity is a stabilizing feature. As such, instead of undergoing electrophilic additions, it undergoes electrophilic substitutions. The nitronium ion is the electrophile which gets attached to the electron rich aromatic ring. Given that benzene rings have…

Interaction of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid generated nitronium ion which is electrophile. And methyl benzoate nitration is one of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Nitronium ion will reacts with protonated intermediate at the meta position. After NO2 substituted, it becomes arenium ion intermediate. Then, the remained product HSO4- will attack hydrogen then transfer the proton to methyl 3-benzoate. In the experiment, students placed around 12 drops of concentrated H2SO4 in…

Degradation of these hydrocarbons using physico- chemical processes result in harmful compounds which further disturb the environment. 1.3.1.4. Paper and Pulp effluents Chlorinated organic compounds are synthesized during bleaching process which are harmful to ecosystems. This…

of oil and to go along with that, 2 million gallons of chemical dispersants to the Gulf. A major group of crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was discovered along the northern shorelines of the Gulf of Mexico. PAH effected several species of wildlife including Dolphins, the Tundra Peregrine Falcon, and shrimp. PAH or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, concentration levels in May 2010 were higher than in May 2011, a mere five times higher, which indicates…

Background Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) when infiltrated within the body of humans and animals undergoes a series of chemically modified changes to form a number of metabolites that are known to elicit portentous and toxic effects (4). Benzo(a)pyrene has a chemical formula of C20H12 and is considered a Group 1 Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research and Cancer (IARC) (7, 11). It is composed of a cyclic structure and crystals appear to be pale yellow…