Arbitrage

The primary purpose of using a model was to validate the proposed mechanism responsible for the mineral-fluid exchange in each reactor, quantify the rate of exchange and evaluate the impact of short-term exchange on geochemical proxies. Foraminiferal calcite is the foundation of many proxy-based reconstruction. Hence, understanding the mechanism of exchange and determination of rate of mineral-fluid exchange in foraminiferal calcite are critical for accurate estimation of the extent of post-formational alterations on carbonate-based proxies. The reaction rates estimated in most of the atom exchange experiments are under the basic assumption of homogeneous exchange at equilibrium (illustrated in the Appendix C, section C1) (e.g., Moller and Sastri, 1973; Binsma and Kolar, 1984; Curti et al., 2010; Severin, 2012; Tetre et al., 2012; Lestini et al. 2013). However, in case of the biogenic calcites with intra-test chemical heterogeneity (Eggins et al., 2003; Eggins et al., 2004), such assumption may not always be applicable as the variable distribution of trace metals in the test can result intra-test variation in dissolution susceptibility. In this case, preferential dissolution and reprecipitation may not take place at equilibrium as some parts of the test (e.g. Mg and Sr-rich) become more soluble than the rests resulting a heterogeneous distribution of the 45Ca tracer within the solid. In this article, we utilized a simple box model (described in Appendix section C1, Fig. C3)…

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The globalization of production and its shift to low-wage countries is the most significant and dynamic transformation of the neoliberal era. Its fundamental driving force is what some economists call “global labor arbitrage”: the efforts by firms in Europe, North America, and Japan to cut costs and boost profits by replacing higher-waged domestic labor with cheaper foreign labor, achieved either through emigration of production (“outsourcing,” as used here) or through immigration of workers.…

Arbitrage betting, sometimes known as sure betting, is betting with a guaranteed profit. These bets are rare, but they can be found through errors from the bookmakers and through comparing different bookmakers odds for a certain match. Covering all possible outcomes of a match and receiving a profit regardless of the result, is an arbitrage bet. vspace{12pt} Consider a football match, there are three possible outcomes, either of the two teams winning or the match ending in a draw. Below in…

Alternative Asset Pricing Models Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) was developed by Stephen Ross (1976) as an alternative model to overcome some of the weaknesses that have been found in the CAPM. The APT is based on the Law of One Price. This means that if two assets have the same risk, theoretically they should have the same expected returns. If their expected returns differ, arbitrageurs would be able to create a long-short trading strategy that would have no initial cost, but would provide…

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There are different asset pricing models used in establishing the required rate of return for different types of assets. The models, including the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), and the Dividend Discount Model (DDM) use several assumptions regarding the information available to investors to establish the value of assets. Information is essential in the financial markets, it influences investors decision to invest and how successful is the investment if…

To understand the issues in this essay, it is important to know what is the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Arbitrage Pricing Model (APT). According to the publications of Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965) and Mossin (1966) the CAPM is a basic model of pricing of capital assets, the model offers a set of predictions about an equilibrium of expected return on risky assets. CAPM is one of the basic pillar of financial economy. The CAPM offers a set of predictions concerning about how to…

This chapter is divided into two parts; the theoretical part and the empirical part. Section 2.1 reviews the theoretical literature and section 2.2 will provide an insight on the various empirical literatures of the CAPM and the APT. 2.1 Theoretical literature review The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was formulated by Sharpe (1964) as well as Lintner (1965) following the work of Markowitz (1959). Since then it has produced amazing achievement because its simplified approach attracted many…

investment portfolio. These theories include Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) and the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM). The Arbitrage Pricing Theory is a theory developed by Stephen Ross (1976) and was later extended by Huberman (1981). According to Ross (1976) Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) was developed with the views that in the competitive financial markets arbitrage will ensure equilibrium pricing according to risk and return. McLaney (2006) refers to…