Adenosine receptor

Analysis of Adenosine receptor blockage’s effects on the electrophysiology of HCTP/OR producing neurons of the Hypothalamus – receptor blockage mediated by Caffeine Introduction In this experiment, the quantification of firing rate changes on a specific neural sub-group will be analyzed via whole cell patch-clamping and the application of the common psychoactive drug-caffeine. The significance of quantifying the electrical signaling of the chosen neuron is to proportionally quantify the effects the chosen drug-caffeine has on the neurotransmitter Adenosine. Caffeine is a known antagonist of Adenosine, inquiring that it counters Adenosine’s inhibitory effects by a simple mechanism of competitive inhibition – not allowing Adenosine to bind…

population of neurons have been previously characterized to include Kenyon cells (KC), which resemble hippocampal neurons (Wright et al., 2013). These neurons display plasticity and are involved in learning and memory (Wright et al., 2013). In addition, they integrate and relay sensory information to facilitate the perception of reward (Wright et al., 2013). The authors could have used any variation of the patch clamp technique to support each of their findings. A change in KC membrane potential…

C0MPARING AND CONTRASTING OPIATE ANALGESICS, TRAMADOL AND MORPHINE BMS291 An opioid is defined as “A drug that contains opium, opium derivatives or synthetic drugs that have an opium-like effect.” (Harris, 2010) Morphine is a prototype opioid that is used to treat patients with moderate to severe pain usually associated with postoperative pain or neoplastic disease. (Tiziani, 2010) Morphine produces pharmacological actions such as pain relief, by acting on receptors located on neural cell…

post-myocardial infarction (post-MI). COPD is a progressive respiratory condition characterized by the inadequate airflow which makes the breathing more difficult. COPD patients are commonly treated with the bronchodilators such as the beta-2 adrenergic agonists.1 The beta-2 agonists stimulate the beta-2 adrenergic receptors which are found primarily in the lungs and peripheral vasculature. The stimulation of these receptors elicits airway dilation and aids the breathing process. Hypertension…

most common ion within cattle and it plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal firing. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor that are responsible for synaptic plasticity, learning, memory and excitation-contraction coupling with a skeletal muscle (Aydin and Uzun, 2008). A mammal experiencing homeostasis will have magnesium bound within the channel of the NMDA receptor, thereby preventing the potentiation of an action potential through the…

Intrinsic Cardiac Activity: The first peak of the electrocardiogram graph corresponded to the atrial contraction of the heart. The second peak of the electrocardiogram graph corresponded to the ventricular contraction of the heart. The third peak observed corresponded to the relaxation of the heart. Frank-Starling Mechanism: There was no significant trend observed in ventricular contractile force in response to increasing imposed length of the heart (Fig 1a). A maximum ventricular contractile…

As of now, two cannabinoids (marijuana), dronabinol (Marinol) and nabilone (Cesamet), are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).1 According to an article about the use of cannabinoids and the treatment of chemotherapy side effects, cannabinoids are shown to have a significant neuro-modulatory function in decreasing CINV.1 CB1 cannabinoid receptors are present in the central nervous system, while recent evidence proposes that…

that can lead to one having a DSD, including but not limited to, androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and conditions resulting in genital ambiguity (having the existence of both male and female reproductive organs or it being unclear.) Also, there have been found to be many different chromosomal combinations present within the population including XX, XO (Turner Syndrome), XY, XXY (Klinefelter syndrome), and XYY. (Aulette, Wittner, 2015) (Fausto-Sterling,…

deteriorated into destructive neurological damage. Suspecting that the teratomas played a critical role in this unfolding medical discovery, doctors removed the teratomas and administered immune-suppressing medication, resulting in the rapid recovery of three out of the four women (Braverman 3). However, they still had to discover the source of the problem. In Dalmau’s lab, researchers exposed rat brains to the patients’ spinal fluid. Bingo. The brains showed evidence of an attack by antibodies,…

effectiveness in performance and yet no major harmful effects have been recorded even when taken in large doses. However, there is a concern with the possible effect on renal function, particularly in individuals with impaired renal capacity. Its use as a performance aid started booming after the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona when some athletes in track and field claimed creatine helped their performance. To understand the function of creatine and how it works requires basic knowledge of…