Adenine

I have reviewed the archive of the seminar and I believe that I have not able to answer or made at least 12 responses because of my internet connection or technical difficulties. The Option 2 questions with answers are as follows: 1. What aspects of DNA’s structure contribute to the stability of the DNA molecule? The DNA’s double helix structure and the hydrogen bonding that bonds the bases contributes to the stability of the DNA molecule. 2. The DNA sequence is: 5’-ATTCGACC-3’. What will be the…

ribityl, an alcohol derived from pentose sugar D-ribose, is attached at the 9 position of isoalloxazine nucleus as shown in Figure 1. The metabolically active coenzymes of riboflavin are riboflavin -5-phosphate or Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that participate in many vital oxidation reduction processes. Catalytic sites of some enzymes are covalently bound with riboflavin as prosthetic group. FAD is not strictly referred as a dinucleotide because the ribityl…

There are two forms of coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH, that play a key role in the metabolism of cells (Daempfle, 2016). The conversion between the two forms enables the cell to accept and donate electrons. NADH is crucial for cellular energy production and plays a vital role in various reactions associated with oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and fermentation. Cells synthesize NADH from glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. The hydrogen…

by strong covalent bonds (a bond formed as a result of the distribution of electrons between atoms). The two strands are then joined to each other by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. There are four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine is complementary to thymine while guanine is complementary to cytosine. Role of Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds are produced when a negatively charged atom such as oxygen and a hydrogen atom unite. The hydrogen bonds…

the prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells. The DNA replication of a eukaryotic cell would be two chains held together by H bonds. The nitrogenous bases that eukaryotes have are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. DNA structure composes of one chain having guanine paired with cytosine by three H- bonds and one chain having adenine and thymine held by two H- bonds. The transcription of eukaryotic cells gets carried from the nucleus and proceeds in three stages: initiation, elongation, and…

Summary: All biological molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A carbohydrate (C,H,O) is a biological molecule consisting of hydrogen , carbon, and oxygen atoms exclusively. They are the building blocks for polysaccharides, larger more complex carbohydrates. An example of a carbohydrate is glucose (the energy source for plants). Carbohydrates are the source of short term energy in organisms. Proteins (C,H,O,N) are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen on a base level. Proteins…

Ricin – Why is this product of castor beans so lethal? Define the key terms (scientific words) in your own words. (notes or textbook can be used as sources) Ricin toxin A (RTA) → toxic protein from seeds of castor plants. Subunit A depurinates adenine in cells Mutants → The process of a gene or chromosome being altered Apoptosis → cell suicide Cell signaling → oversees cellular activities and directs cell actions Signal transduction → Process where a signal from outside of the cell changes…

Achondroplasia is defined as without cartilage formation. Meaning that cartilage is a tough one but it is also an flexible tissue that makes up much of the skeleton during early developments. It’s an bone growth disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism. As of dwarfism, it’s an condition of short stature as an adult. There are problems dealing with achondroplasia and the problem is it not forming cartilage but it is converting it to a bone. The process of forming the cartilage and…

the components of the molecule, including the presence of ribose sugars and phosphate groups, as well as four nucleotide bases; the pyrimidines, cytosine (C), and thymine (T); and the purines, guanine (G), and adenine (A) (Levene 1919). Erwin Chargaff showed that in DNA the amount of adenine nucleotides equalled the number of thymine nucleotides and the number…

chemistry, biochemistry, and X-ray crystallography. They took especial interest in earlier genetic study. Early genetic research included that of Biochemist Erwin Chargaff, who had composed Chargaff’s rules. His rules stated that among DNA’s four bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) always appeared in ratios of one-to-one as did guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Two other researchers, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, had gotten X-ray images of DNA that suggested a helical, spiral shape (“The…