Adenine

distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels.” Sickle cell disease is a result of a single nucleotide change in the DNA sequence of hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11. This missense mutation substitutes the nucleotide Adenine (A) for Thymine (T), resulting in an mRNA sequence that codes for the amino acid Valine (V) instead of glutamic acid…

In this modern age of information gathering and retrieval, the thought of how and to the extent we can store information has always been an issue of paramount concern. For while libraries, hard drives, and floppy disks served their purpose in bygone times, the amount of information we have today, along with the prodigious rate it is still growing, have made them , while not necessarily obsolete, insufficient for the task. This is why the most promising method of storage in the current time is…

Under oxidative conditions, certain nucleobases (for example, adenine and cytosine) can form N-oxides. Also, the C8 position of guanosine is vulnerable to hydrolytic attack under either strongly acidic or strongly alkaline conditions. The 5,6 double bond of pyrimidine nucleosides also reacts with halogens and halohydrins to give the corresponding addition products (Shabarova and Bogdanov, 1994). Selected examples of the side reactions that occur during oligonucleotide synthesis are given below.…

and Crick were equipped with the knowledge to know that the number of purines in a person’s DNA was the same as the number of pyrimidines; particularly, the amount of adenine was equal to the amount of thymine, and similarly with cytosine and guanine (“Discovery of DNA Structure & Function”). These nitrogenous bases include adenine and guanine as purines, and thymine and cytosine as pyrimidines. The only step remaining would be to explain how these chains work…

PURPOSE The purpose of this lab was to isolate DNA from a strawberry. METHODS We used a variety of materials to extract the DNA from the strawberry. These include a disposable cup, a rubber band, a plastic knife, a zipper bag, a pipet, a coffee filter, ethanol, a lysis buffer, a test tube, an inoculating loop, and a strawberry. The general objects that we used for convenience and safety include a lab coat, a tray to cut the strawberry, and lots of paper towels. The…

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a rare systemic condition that affects renal functioning and can develop into a life threatening disease with lasting complications. HUS is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells due to damage of small blood vessels), thrombocytopenia (an abnormal drop in platelet count) and impaired renal function (Nayer, A. & Asif, A., 2013). HUS can often onset after an infection of Escherichia coli which is a Shiga toxin-producing…

How does the gene code works to control variation within a species: Genes control variation by coding for certain traits inside an organism. Those codes are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. All of these four codes are acids and these acids depends on the variation within a species. This is how it makes an organism change the way it look physically. The four simple coded message codes for everything like eye color to height. Genes codes for many traits and they are important in…

Proteins Proteins are large, complex macromolecules that play many important roles in organisms. They are required for the regulation, structure, and function of the body’s organs and tissues. Some may act as antibodies, chemical messengers, enzymes, structural components, and transport devices within the cell. Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller subunits known as amino acids. Amino acids are made up of a single carbon atom attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a…

Sickle Cell Anaemia In this essay Sickle Cell Anemia will be investigated in depth. What causes it, how it is passed on from generation to generation, and it’s origin will be explored, along with it’s how it occurs, how often it occurs and whether or not some races are more susceptible to it. Statistics and mortality rates will be included as well as some treatments and suggestions for those suffering with the disorder. Sickle Cell Anemia can lead to many painful side effects of varying…

reaction that generates ATP and reduced NADP (NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DIPHOSPHATE) which are used to power a series of reactions known as the Calvin Cycle or the light-independent stage. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and anaerobic respiration to occur in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration is a series of redox reactions that can produce up to 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose and the reduced coenzyme NADH (NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE D. Aerobic respiration has four stages:…