RNA polymerase I

Mitosis is made up of many strings of the DNA and proteins (nucleosomes) to form a half X. The chromosome is made up of two of the chromatids (DNA and proteins-nucleosomes) to form one X. Chromatin in Meiosis are made up of chromatids. Before meiosis I begins, each chromosome is duplicated or copied. Each half of a duplicated chromosome is the chromatid. In body cells, most chromosomes are found in pairs that have the same size and structure. These homologous chromosomes carry the same genes,…

It is beyond a doubt that the founding fathers could ever conceive an American society like the one we are living in today. The discovery of the structure of DNA marks a significant landmark in medical history. This has open the doors to a new realm that deepen our understanding of biological systems and promises a future that once was an abstract idea in science fiction novels. A challenge that my generation is facing is answering whether genetic modifications are ethical. Despite the…

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) within organisms can be methylated while proteins can be either methylated or acetylated. The methylation of DNA and RNA is used for alternative splicing used for production of different mRNA molecules resulting in numerous new proteins. One of the molecules believed to perform the methylation is N6A or N6 methyladenosine. Methylation is the most observed modification to mRNA molecules. Methylation of both DNA and RNA ensures…

An operon is a cluster of genes in a bacteria that are clustered together and have related functions. Genes in an operon are coexpressed, which means that they are turned on or off under a single promoter. The genes of the arabinose operon are Ara A, Ara B, and Ara D (or the B. A. D. genes) which are all digestive enzymes that allow bacteria to break down arabinose. When Ara A, Ara B, and Ara D cluster together they form the arabinose operon. The gene that replaces the arabinose operon is the…

Explain how in one organism codon usage and tRNA abundance might be connected. Codon brings the genetic material that could translate to protein. Each codon contains triplet nucleotide, and each of them code for an amino acid, two different nucleotide sequences can encode the identical protein. There is some special codon that code for the initiation and termination of translate. The most common start codon is AUG, and the stop codon are UAG, UGA, and UAA. tRNA has a tertiary structure, and…

CRISPR Cas9 CRISPR Cas9 is a gene editing tool that can be used to edit, delete, and change parts of the genome. What makes CRISPR Cas9 different from other gene editing techniques such as Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) or Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) is its targeting efficiency ability. For example, ZFNs and TALENs could only reach targeting efficiencies from 1% to 50% in human cells. On the other hand, CRISPR Cas9 had a much higher rate at greater than 70% in Zebrafish…

now unwound in the area that is needed so the RNA polymerase is able to help line up the nucleotides to create a complementary strand of the mRNA. Between the strands there are hydrogen bonds which are then separated apart. One of the strands is then able to be used as a template strand. Onto this template strand these is base pairing which is the DNA cytosine joining to the RNA guanine, DNA guanine joining to the RNA cytosine, DNA thymine joining to RNA adenine and DNA…

our job to understand how they work or occur in order to try and prevent them or cause them from getting worse. With how far research has come over the years, we now know how genetic disorders occur. They occur from something called mutations, which I am sure mostly everyone has heard about. Most people just don’t understand exactly how mutations work, occur, or how they cause millions of different genetic issues or diseases, affecting many people every year. There are tons of different…

proteins cannot form without the information stored in DNA. The solution to the problem seemed to lie in RNA, the mediator between DNA and proteins. It has been discovered that RNA can catalyze many reactions, and RNA might catalyze its own replication. If RNA could self-replicate natural selection or some other mechanism could act to create a more complex RNA. If this were the case than RNA might have increased in complexity until it could code for a viable life…

processes of protein synthesis. The larger eukaryotes have a more intricate pathway associated with protein synthesis, due to both the biochemical structure of organelles and enzymes, and also the transport of genetic material within cell. In this essay I hope to explore the differences of gene expression between these two types of cells. A key difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes is that Eukaryotes contain monocistronic mRNA molecules, meaning that the molecule will only code for…