Protein structure

cohesion. Due to these hydrogen bonds in water is usually more stable than other hydrides of Group VI which relatively the same as water, for example hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Hydrogen sulphide has the same bent shape as oxygen including the same structure AX2E2. In contrast to water, a boiling point of 373K and liquid at room temperature, hydrogen sulphide has a boiling point of 212.3K meaning that at room temperature it’s a gas. This is because water is more stable due to the hydrogen, which on…

length. (b) They are cationic, due to the presence of positively charged basic amino acids and (c) amphipathic, since they contain alternate hydrophobic nonpolar and hydrophilic, polar residues. AMPs are grouped into 4 major categories based on structure. These are β-sheet, α-helical, loop, and extended peptides, with the linear, α-helical, amphipathic type being the most abundant. [3] AMPs usually exhibit their antimicrobial effect using a mechanism that involves disruption, followed by an…

Mitochondrial Origin and Endosymbiosis Numerous biological processes depend on the generation and recycling of ATP to maintain homeostasis and carry out vital roles within a cell. Without mitochondria, the generation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. Cellular energy metabolism generates the most ATP within the mitochondria and during oxidative phosphorylation. Comparison of the different endosymbiosis theories, evolutionary time frames, mechanisms, and genetic testing can…

Part 1 DB 2 “The plasma membrane allows fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through to specific molecules. It allows nutrients and other vital elements to enter the cell and waste materials to leave the cell. Oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide pass freely across the membrane, but amino acids and sugars are carefully regulated (University, 2015).” When thinking of an analogy for plasma membrane, what comes to mind it the stomach and digestion of food and how it reacts to food, filter foods, and…

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic gram-positive cocci bacteria that grows through fermentation and anaerobic respiration. Its growth experiences three stages— a lag phase where infection initiates, an exponential stage S. aureus quickly grows, and a stationary phase where the bacteria alters cellular metabolism for long-term survival. The species is known for its golden-colored colonies, and 50 percent by mass peptidoglycan cell walls (Gordon and Lowy, 2008). S. aureus is the leading cause…

Membrane Self-Assembly Processes: Steps Toward the First Cellular Life by Pierre-Alain Monnard & David W. Deamer Summary: To summarize, early cells must have had a membrane to encapsulate its components and keep them within the cell. This membrane was made up of amphiphiles. This membrane was very permeable and as a result, passive diffusion occurred. Later on this membrane evolved to be a little impermeable as to keep the metabolic reactions and catalysts that drive these reactions within…

INTRODUCTION: Liposomes vesicles were prepared in the early years of their history from various lipid classes identical to those present in most biological membranes. liposomes were discovered in the mid of 1960’s and originally studied as cell membrane model Paul Ehrlich coined the term “magic bullet” in 20th century where carrier system was proposed to simply carry the drug to its of action and releasing its selectively while non – target sits should absolutely be example from drug effect.1-4…

Q1) Each subunit in the protein consists of two domains – a large domain for the binding of ATP and a smaller domain for the binding of fructose-6-phosphate. Q2) The αβα sandwich are tightly packed together and are separated by a large interface from another subunit. Each domain contains several beta sheets in between anywhere between two to four alpha helices. Q3) Most of the β sheets are parallel, although there are a few antiparallel beta stands in the large domains. The α helices are…

disease. Infliximab is an example of a drug that is used to treat CD by targeting a proinflammatory cytokine called tumour necrosis factor-α (Colombel, 2010). Mechanism of action of Infliximab Tumour necrosis factor-α is a type II transmembrane protein that is released by active T…

While this method is good at noting the effects of the EDC’S on the organism, it remains ambiguous as it does not specify the cause nor source of the EDC’S. (H.S Changa et.al 2009), Cellular bioassay: This method involves measuring the response proteins formed due to the interaction of EDC’S and estrogen receptors within the cell. Although the method is successful in being able to measure the direct effects within one cell of the organism, it fails in pinpointing the specific EDC you’re dealing…