Plus or Minus Two

George Miller’s magical number 7, plus or minus two, helps confirm the capacity of short term memory (Miller, 1956). Most people 18 and over can hold 5 to 9 items in their short term memory (Miller, 1956). Miller believed that short term memory could only hold his magic number because of the limited “slots” in which memory could be placed in the brain. Miller reached this conclusion by getting the participants of the initial study to listen to a number of tones that were different by pitch. Every sound was produced solely, and the participant was asked to match each sound corresponding to the other tones that they had already heard. This was done by giving each sound a number. When the experiment ran on through around 6 or 7 tones, the participants…

Introduce memory The analysis of human memory spans as far as 2000 years ago to Aristotle 's efforts to comprehend memory in his thesis "De Memoria" (Bloch, 2014). Following Aristotle, many advancements have been made in the knowledge of the human memory, and in 1878 the first scientific approach to studying memory was developed by Herman Ebbinghaus (Nadel & Nadel, 2005). Ebbinghaus categorised the three individual types of memory as sensory, long-term and short-term. (Ebbinghaus, 2013).…

by many psychologists for many years to discover the factors of cognitive. Many past studies have concluded that short term memory is very limited and can only hold up to just a few seconds of information. In order to retain information for a longer period of time, many techniques such as repeating information, can possibly be converted into long term memory. The purpose of this study is to determine which gender can score higher on a short term memory assessment when placed under a time…

University. The participants comprised of 1 male and 2 female students with their age ranging from 18-21 years old. With regard to deficiencies, the male student reported that he has color-blindness, while the two female students did not report any deficiency. Apparatus This digit span experiment was conducted in the Social Sciences Laboratories at UCI. All three participants carried out the experiment through a computer software, MatLab. In order to implement the experiment, the stimuli used…

from various ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. All participants would be given a device that measure heart rate and asked to complete a pretest to set the baseline against which future performance would be measured. The study would use a test comprised of four working memory tasks: sentence-spa, operation-span, spatial short-term memory, and memory updating. This particular sequence of tasks was chosen based on work on measures of working memory done by Lewandowsky, Oberauer, Yang, and Ecker…

A total of 17 college students. One man and sixteen women of a large City University, Queens College. The mean age of the participants was 20 and were chosen through convenience sampling. Participants were not compensated for their participation as it was part of their course fulfilment. Materials The experiment was performed in a lab room where everyone had access to a computer and the internet. The experiment was performed on an online subscription based website with clear instructions. A…

which is the ability to demonstrate the breadth and depth of knowledge he has acquired from formal classroom education as well as from incidental learning that occurs outside of the classroom. Specifically, subtests that measure this area tap into Eric’s general language development, including his store of general information, his ability to verbalize, reason and comprehend that information, and the extent of vocabulary that can be understood in terms of correct word meanings. Eric obtained a…

participants who sign up for the study on Sona Systems may receive research credits upon completing the study. Design IVs: context DV: WM performance other variables: Materials computer and mouse certain programs (for the measures) eye-tracking device (to see how fast eyes scan stimuli on the screen) face and IAPS image stimuli -- E-Prime 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Sharpsburg, PA) Procedure Participants will complete an initial and final questionnaire. Having two questionnaires will…

which is ranked at the 8th percentile and is classified as the Very Low range. Julian has a weakness in his ability to maintain information and reproduce it in the same sequence above his age expectation and higher than same age peers; indicating below average working memory and memory span abilities. Processing Speed Index His ability to perform automatic cognitive tasks, particularly when measured under pressure to maintain focused attention was measured by the Processing Speed Index. On the…

hand. One of these techniques includes studying using online games that are set up as quizzes in order to be constantly exposed to the information in a more entertaining fashion. Mini quiz games such as “Quizlet,” “Kahoots”, or “Quizizz” may be beneficial study methods because they provide visual and repetitive strategies that can help incorporate information into working and short term memory in order to recall the information at a later point, possibly during a test or exam ("Quizlet", 2016;…