Pathogen

RESEARCH STRATEGY (a) Significance. Yersinia pestis (Yp) is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of plague. Yp is a Category A agent defined by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) as a pathogen that is high risk to public health and national security. A long term goal of NIAID is to explore the host-pathogen interaction and host response to infection with Yp, and to identify and characterize immune responses after exposure to Yp (1).…

host range and observed on cereals, barley, rice, rye, wheat etc. and many non-cereal grasses across the world (Jones 1983). Forty-five plant genera that include Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Lineace and Solanaceae were reported to be prone to this pathogen including Poae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Linaceae and Solanaceae (Harding 1979 ). 1.3.2.3. Symptoms of common root rot (CRR) Because of the difficulty to diagnose the disease as the above ground symptoms were not that obvious, this was remain…

identify the pathogen, we will cultivate, isolate, and then identify the pathogen. In the classical method, we will culture the specimen in an agar to achieve more growth. We can then look at the morphology of the cell shape, size, and arrangement through light microscopy. Sometimes, an infection can be diagnosed solely by the patient’s signs and symptoms. We can also use Gram stain reaction and acid-fast reaction. Electron microscopy can also be used to identify whether the pathogen contains…

First, the pathogen, either intracellular or extracellular will come in contact with the first line of defense which usually involves the physical barriers, chemical barriers and genetic components of the host. This first line of defense involves non-specific, innate immunity and it can confer immunity to the host by preventing the pathogen from passing through the skin and the mucous membrane into the host cell. Some pathogens however bypass this line of defense and…

of each cell is briefly described below. B Lymphocytes (B Cells): These lymphatic cells remain/mature in the bone marrow, are associated with the circulatory system and the lymph system (Farabee, 2001); they produce antibodies and fight specific pathogens in the body and; produce antibodies to subsequent infection…

a much greater impact because the time of infection is at a much earlier time when the plant is just a seedling and has a slim chance of fighting off the necrotrophic disease. When Pythium attacks the seeding through the root system the bacterial pathogen leaves behind an enzyme that completely breaks down and kills cell walls. This eventually kills the entire plant in the seedling stage. So, in both Goss’s wilt and root rot Pythium both survive over winter in the…

The body’s natural protection mechanism against infection from pathogen is not as effective as it can be, especially for individuals that have compromised immune response. The body’s immune response system has an essential resistance and adaptive immunity as its first line of defense. When the front-line defense (innate) immunity fails to protect the body against microbial pathogens the second line of defense (adaptive) which is more specific is activated (H. ,2012, September 11). The innate…

Table 1 shows the all the isolates that produced a zone of inhibition for the ESKAPE pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. In total, twenty six isolates were tested against Staphylococcus aureus. However, only eight showed a zone of inhibition. The size of the zones varied for each microorganism. Table 2 shows the results of the biochemical and morphological tests. The test that were performed were Sim, FTM, oxidase, catalase, MSA, blood agar, Acid fast stain and endospore stain. The sim and…

community is foremost in my mind. The problem in this area is the sewer sludge put on agricultural lands to fertilize the crops. The farmers buy the sludge and truck it to the fields. The problem is the sludge is not tested to determine if there are pathogens living in the supposedly treated sludge. A rancher was having problems with E. coli in his newborn calves. He asked me what the problem was and I went out and cultured a sample of the area around the barn and found E. coli bacteria in…

Aseptic technique, also referred to as medical asepsis, involves the procedures designed to prevent the contamination of pathogens. These procedures are not as strenuous as surgical asepsis, but nevertheless successful in protecting patients from pathogens. Asepsis technique procedures include hand hygiene, standard precautions, and environmental cleanliness (Traes, 2014, p. 617). Providing a clean patient environment can be achieved by…