Mycobacterium

contain the spread anymore and it will bust and spreading necrotic residue and bacilli throughout the surrounding tissue. Other macrophages will also begin to extravasate from peripheral blood, but they are inactive because they phagocytose the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, therefore they cannot destroy the bacteria anymore. Stage Three: At stage three, lymphocytes (specifically T cells) will begin to infiltrate and recognize TB antigens. This results in T-cell activation and then it release of…

Introduction There are multiple Immunological techniques or tests used for starting and measuring an immune response (1). Antibodies and antigens found in our immune system is done by immunoassays (2). The majority of immunological tests are based on the adaptive immune system. Substances recognized by our immune system are antigens. Injections are done by a trained health care professional to test for an immune response. The antibodies work together to fight antigens. Immunologists can inject…

This research essay looks at the potentials and limitations of DNA and human remains in archaeological research using two case studies. The first case study focuses on the potentials and limitations of the extraction of Mycobacterium Bovis from DNA to further understand the pathological history of societies in Southern Siberia. The second case study looks into the successful reconstruction of DNA sequences from Neanderthal fossil remains and the limitations that appeared during its study. DNA…

Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. It is a curable infectious disease that causes skin lesions and nerve damage. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It affects the dermis, nerves, mucous membrane in the airway, and the eyes (WHO). Anyone at any age is able to have this disease. There are at least three million people who are living with some kind of disability from leprosy. Leprosy used to be most common in Europe until it slowly went away. In the past when leprosy was more common…

It is interesting we are discussing Tuberculosis (TB) since I work in a building which used to be an "Isolation Hospital" in the Hartford area. The morgue is less than a mile away, the tunnels running under my building were used to transport the infected dead to the crematorium. TB in residential facilities is very serious, part of the protocol before admission it to have had a TB test results along with your paperwork. Staff are to be tested for TB every year (for me this is a pain literally…

Maurya et al. examined the prevalence of MDR-TB due to the use of first line drug changing pattern trends within the next 4 years. Current report from Northern India show 3% (new) cases and 13% (acquired) cases. The surveillance program of drug resistant TB and the use of drug resistant testing may help with establishing standard protocol for chemotherapy and allowing for routine assessment of the program. Specimens were collected from both respiratory and non-respiratory route. The…

Contribution to science Koch has contributed a lot to science; however his most famous contribution is his discovery of mycobacterium tuberculosis, which proved the idea that tuberculosis was not an ‘inherited disease’ (as it was thought at the time) but a bacterium, and was infectious (a scientist named Villemin demonstrated its was contagious but had no solid evidence to back him up). To prove that his theory was correct, Koch used a test which he had devised in his study of anthrax (now)…

Bacterial Meningitis Meningitis is an infection that affects meninges, membrane coverings of the brain and spinal cord. Due to Bacterial meningitis’ close proximity to the brain and spinal cord it is potentially life threatening. If not treated promptly it may lead to life-long complications such as deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus and cognitive deficits. Bacterial meningitis is contagious and prolonged close contact can spread the bacteria that cause meningitis. The bacteria can spread from…

Bacterial infections, which are common today, used to kill those who were infected. Bonnie Bassler, a professor at Princeton University, states that “our quality of life and our longevity improved enormously” (Bassler, n.d.) after the mass production of Antibiotics began. Antibiotics are a category of medication made from bacteria; these medications are designed to eliminate bacterial infections. The prolonged use of antibiotics is hazardous for the human body and could have negative…

Rheumatic Fever is an acute systemic inflammatory condition that appears to result from an abnormal immune reaction occurring a few weeks after an untreated infection, usually caused by certain strains of group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. The preceding infection commonly appears as an upper respiratory infection, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or strep throat. Antibodies to the streptococcus organisms form and then react with connective tissue called collagen in the skin, joints, brain, and heart…