Ischemia

“One third of patients who experience heart attack die within 24 hours of the onset of ischemia, and many of the survivors experience significant morbidity(3)”. Early diagnosis of heart attack reduce the risk of death, especially in those who older the 50 years(1,2). Also, the men between 55-74 years are the most of having diagnosed heart attack or fatal coronary heart disease (CHD)(1). The appearance of cardiac markers in the circulation generally shows myocardial necrosis and is a helpful aide…

In most cases preeclampsia manifests mid-term or later, but according to contemporary theories the disease has two stages: abnormal placentation and maternal reaction to it. 3.1. Normal and abnormal placentation During normal development of placenta fetal cytotrophoblasts invade maternal spiral arteries. Consequently, these small-caliber resistance vessels transform to high-caliber capacitance vessels. They lose their endothelial lining and muscoloelastic tissue. These changes in architecture…

components into surrounding tissue (121). Key players that help mediate necrosis include ROS, Calcium ions, poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP), and lysosomal proteases (888). PARP is an enzyme that is responsible for repairing DNA damage, such as strand breaks. Cells that have undergone a traumatic cellular insult typically have damaged DNA. PARP will deplete cellular ATP in an attempt to repair the massive damage to DNA. Several proteases are activated by increased cellular calcium ion…

peripheral vascular resistance (as it does not activate alpha adrenergic receptors of blood vessels). The result is increased cardiac output via increased stroke volume (Tariq & Aronow, 2015). In the case of Mrs Kelly the cardiac muscles are stunned by ischemia and have decreased contractility, leading to cardiogenic shock (insufficient cardiac output). Dobutamine counters this and therefore maintains systemic perfusion, reduces pulmonary venous pressure (alleviates pulmonary oedema) and also…

38). From this perspective, the nurse contributed to harming Mr. Lee because she could not realise a perforated bowel in an early stage, although she obtained his abnormal vital signs, which might be due to a surgical procedure, inflammation and ischemia in bowels (Al-Qurayshi et al. 2016, p. 75).If the nurse recognised and assessed his potential risks,…

The circulatory system is the system that transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormone. It also helps fight disease, maintain body temperature, pH, and homeostasis. There are two systems that make up the circulatory system which are the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The circulatory system moves blood through the body and is made up of the heart, blood vessels and the blood. The lymphatic system moves lymph to various parts of the body and is formed by the lymph, lymph…

results in worsening venous congestion, leading to acute significant edema. Blood pools in the lower extremity as venous return is diminished. Intravascular fluid dwindles and the patient becomes hypotensive, tachycardic, and urine output is decreased. Ischemia persists and the affected limb becomes cyanotic. With progression, cyanosis increases and the patient begins to form bullae, paresthesia, weakness, and compartment syndrome. In 40% - 60% of cases, there is arterial and venous capillary…

The obesity rates have risen dramatically in the past 30 years resulting in nearly one-third of the world population classified as obese (Murray & Ng, 2016). Some of the more common health risks associated with obesity include cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These conditions could, in fact, most likely be prevented through healthy diet and exercise. In 2007, Doctor Guy Berkenboom, professor of cardiology at the Erasme Hospital, Brussel, stated in an article in the Journal of…

Question 3 Priority Problems The two priority problems for Mr. Jensen are poor peripheral circulation and pain. Poor peripheral circulation is present as evidenced by assessment data gathered such as cool extremities, diminished peripheral pulses and swollen leg. In this situation, it may be due to health issues, such as obesity, hypertension or hypercholesterolemia and diabetes which may be all present in the patient considering his history. According to UK GP Research Database, a retrospective…

One of the top leading causes of preventable deaths and illness in the United States, is tobacco. Approximately 20 million people as of 1964 have died from the use of tobacco, and an estimated 2.5 million from second hand smoke (Services). One single cigarette contains over 7,000 chemicals which include ammonia, nicotine, arsenic, and acetone. Some of these chemicals are very dangerous poisons and are known to cause different types of cancer. When cigarettes were first discovered there were not…