Eukaryote

organism. Order of magnitude is when more DNA than what is necessary to encode for proteins. The prokaryotic genome is much simpler than the complex genome of the eukaryote yet Arabidopsis thaliana has around forty times the amount of total base pairs than humans, but the same amount of protein encoding genes. Complex genomes found in the eukaryote contain introns in genes, regulatory mechanisms of genes, pseudogenes, multiple copies of genes, intergenic sequences, and repetitive DNA. All of…

Mitochondrion is an organelle that exists within the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells, they are considered to be one of the most important organelles. Mitochondrion is usually oval in shape and can vary in size from 0.5 - 1µm. Mitochondrion is composed of a double membrane, the outer membrane is smooth and encompasses the organelle whereas the inner membrane is folded to form layered structures called cristae. In between the outer and inner membrane, is an area called the…

replication and explore its significance in the mechanisms that drive Lynch syndrome. In eukaryotes 3 DNA polymerases are used for Elongation; DNA polymerase α, DNA polymerase δ and DNA polymerase ε. DNA polymerase α acts as a primase and forms the RNA primer at the 3’ end of the template strand because DNA nucleotides cannot be added de novo- there…

Prokaryotes, specifically bacteria, have feedback regulatory mechanisms like eukaryotes do to make tryptophan. Tryptophan is one of the 20 amino acids which we all need. If there is a lot of tryptophan made, then you turn off the enzymes that are involved in tryptophan synthesis by binding and causing a change in shape of the enzyme (negative feedback). In addition, repressors are proteins that bind to the operator and prevents expression of the gene. However, the repressor is unable to bind to…

other hand, negative control can help stop transcription when necessary. This type of control also involves the binding of a protein, but it is a repressing protein as opposed to an activator. Although transcription is different in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, there are many similarities. In transcription in bacteria, transcription officially begins when an RNA polymerase and a sigma subunit bind at two different sites at a promoter. An open promoter complex is formed when DNA unwinds in this…

Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotes obtained through endosymbiosis with prokaryotes billions of years ago. They are organelles with their own DNA and outer and inner membrane and few organelles, because they lost many of their organelles to the Nuclear DNA of the eukaryotes which resulted them being dependent of the cell they live in This endosymbiosis is very crucial for eukaryotes survival since mitochondria produce the energy needed for the cell to survive through oxidative…

In the 1960’s two scientists named François Jacob and Jacques Monod explored how the regulation of transcription of DNA affects the enzyme levels in a cell. They found this information through experiments in eubacteria and eukaryotes. According to Kireeva (2013) “However, the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase proved elusive until 1960, when it was independently identified in bacteria by Hurwitz and Stevens and in plants by the Bonner group” (p. 8325). There were also many experiments after these in…

Abstract The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is central to the formation of usable energy forms in cells. This essay will give detail on how this is achieved and the cycle’s links to other metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation. It will also explore how the cycle functions in anabolic and catabolic forms while replenishing used intermediates before examining how the cycle is regulated. Introduction The citric acid cycle being named…

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell that act like a digestive system which consumes nutrients, breaks them down, and manufactures energy for the cell. This chemical processes of the cell is known as cellular respiration (1). Most of cellular respiration happens in the mitochondria. Mitochondria typically float around free throughout the cell. Some cells have hundreds of mitochondria, like muscle cells, while others have little to none, like nNeurons (1). The quantity of mitochondria a…

can be applied specifically to mean that stored on a complement set of nuclear DNA but can also be applied to that stored within organelles that contain their own DNA as with the mitochondrial genome or the chloroplast genome. All prokaryotes and eukaryotes genome contain significant portion of repetitive DNA, there are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats (Cregan, 1992). Tandem repeats can be classified as minisatellites and microsatellites.…