Electron

the outer electron will be further away from the positive nucleus in the middle. This means that they get weaker when you go down the group. For example, lithium is stronger than sodium, as the positive nucleus is closer to the outer electron. As you go down the group the electron is further away from the nucleus and therefore, francium is the weakest out of all the alkali metals in group 1 and lithium is the strongest. As they become weaker when you go down the group, the outer electron is more…

people viewed the atom and its electrons. At at young age, Schrodinger was strongly influenced by the philosophy of Austrian philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (Mastin, Luke. "Erwin Schrödinger - Important Scientists - The Physics of the Universe."). Born on August 12, 1887, Erwin Schrodinger grew up in Vienna and attended the Akademisches Gymnasium High School in his teenage years and…

the random motions of electrons within a molecule. The fluctuations in electron density causes a temporary partial negative charge (dipole) and can repel electrons from a nearby molecule, inducing a partial positive charge. These two temporary dipoles are electrostatically attracted to each other but these dipoles are only temporary and are the weakest of the the intermolecular forces. These forces occur in every atom and molecule because of the random motions of electrons. Dipole-dipole forces…

used to power the synthesis of ATP. The latter occurs in the stroma, and results in carbon dioxide fixation. In this experiment, only the light-dependent reactions were studied. 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) was used as an artificial electron acceptor in order to determine the rate of the light reactions by observing the disappearance of its blue color in the reaction that follows: DCPIP (blue) + 2e- + 2H+ → DCPIPH2 (colorless) In one experiment, ammonia, which is added in the form…

has practical applications in very many areas of research such as biotechnology, materials science, microbiology, environmental science etc. Its wide array of uses is reflected by the many different types of microscope e.g. compound microscopes, electron microscopes, fluorescence microscopes etc. The field of microscopy has advanced greatly over the past century and the technologies…

electrophilic substitutions. The nitronium ion is the electrophile which gets attached to the electron rich aromatic ring. Given that benzene rings have low reactivity, the electrophile needs to be very reactive. Also, the electrophile attack can happen at 3 distinct locations, the meta, para or ortho locations, where the substitution takes place. Depending upon where the substitution takes place, the electron density changes, resulting in considerably different reactivity differences1.…

Glycolysis also results in the production of 2 NADH molecules, which eventually play an important role in the production of additional ATP in the electron transport chain. Glycolysis itself is an anaerobic process. After a cell has completed glycolysis, and depending on the circumstances in which the cell finds itself, that cell can either move into the process of aerobic respiration and commence the…

dinucleotide (FAD) to FADH2. Succinate dehydrogenase and its coenzyme creates an enzyme complex (E-FADH2) which transfers electrons to coenzyme Q during the Krebs cycle. In this experiment, sodium azide will be added to the mitochondrial solution to prevent the transfer of electrons to natural electron acceptors, such as coenzyme Q. This will transfer the electrons to an artificial electron acceptor called 2,6-dinitrophenolindophenol. Hence, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase is…

Group 1, Group 2, Period 3, Period 4, Period 5, Period 6, and a series of metals (Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Tin, Zinc). Group 1 elements have one valence electron and are extremely reactive. Most of the time, compounds containing Alkali metals are soluble in water. Alkaline earth metals, found in Group 2, have two valence electrons and are quite reactive. Their solubility depends on the identity of the anion that they are bonded to. For example, BaSO4 and BaF2 are…

resistance. The basis on the induction of resistance in metals comes from the alterations of spin of electrons in the system. When the electrons move through ferromagnetic materials, a torque is applied which is directly linked to the increase of resistance in a system. The Anomalous Hall Effect more specifically explains this concept. This references the nature of the magnetic moment orientation in the electrons when they belong to a ferromagnetic…