Electron

excites two electrons in PS II. The two electrons jump from PS II and enter Plastoquinone (PQ). The two electrons leave PQ and enter the Cytochrome Complex. The two electrons in the Cytochrome Complex allow H+ ions to enter the Thylakoid Space (Space inside the thylakoid disks) from the Stroma. While this is happening, a process called Photolysis is occurring simultaneously. Photolysis is the process by which water is broken down into oxygen, two H+ ions, and two electrons. The two electrons…

with some drastic differences in workload and difficulty overall, compared to middle school. I specifically remember an interesting learning experience in Chemistry this year, just a couple of weeks ago. It was the introduction to the Atoms and Electrons unit. Now, I understand it this doesn’t sound too enthralling at first, but I discovered that everything I had known about atoms was completely wrong. My science teacher started off by showing us some vague pictures of this dark-to-light blue…

light-dependent reactions, light energy from the sun is used to split water (photolysis) which has been taken in by plants. Water, when broken, makes oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. These excited electrons in photosystem II are used to create a proton gradient. The ATP synthase in the thylakoids generates ATP using this proton gradient. When the electrons gets transported to photosystem I, they are used to reduce NADP+. Oxygen diffuses out of the plant as a waste product of photosynthesis. This…

Chemistry plays a vital role in everyday life even though it may not seem like it. One of these things include firearms, which exhibits chemistry throughout the whole entire process. They show chemical and physical properties ranging from the gunpowder to the actual process of firing a bullet. Gunpowder is what makes the whole reaction occur. Without the use of chemistry throughout a firearm, would make it useless and it wouldn't work. These uses of chemistry occurs so fast that you may not…

2015). When DCPIP is oxidize d, it is blue; when DCPIP is reduced which means it snatches electrons from plastoquinone, it is colorless (Campbell et al. 2015). Therefore, the change of PCPIP’s color which is caused by the electron transport chain --- short circuits of light reaction can be measured by using a spectrophotometer set to 600 nm. High levels of photosynthesis in chloroplasts will decolonize DCPIP…

atom or ion, it becomes an elimination reaction (Weldegirma, 2015). The substitution reaction can be divided into either electrophilic substitution or nucleophilic substitution. In the nucleophilic substitution, the substituent is electron rich and provides the electron pair for bonding with the substrate (Abdullah et al, 2015). It replaces a leaving group from the carbon atom and forms a new bond by using the lone pair of…

the flat hexagonal ring and that has a p orbital to keep the six delocalized electrons. Nitrogen is ideal so we can imagine replacing a CH group in benzene with a nitrogen atom. The orbitals in the ring have not changed in position or shape and we still have the six electrons from the three double bonds. One obvious difference is that nitrogen is trivalent and thus there is no NH bond. Instead, a lone pair of electrons occupies the space of the C–H bond in benzene.…

How does a variation in the concentration of metal ions of the cathode in a Zinc-Copper electrochemical cell affect the electrical potential? Introduction: In a highly technological and quickly developing society, it is imperative to innovation that basic components are understood and explored to further expansion and advancement. In order to understand how everyday necessities such as cars, computers, and cell phones are constantly powered, it must first be understood what is in a battery as…

IORT has increased because single high doses of radiation therapy can be delivered to a tumor volume in appropriate clinical situations without producing significant normal tissue morbidity [1-3]. IORT includes three basic techniques: Intraoperative Electron-Beam Radiation Therapy (IOERT), Intraoperative X-Ray Radiation Therapy (IOXRT or Low-KV) and Intraoperative High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy (IOHDR)…

chemical bonds of organic molecules, but ends up in ATP bonds. Chemical energy is transferred from one molecule to another. Covalent bonds break in organic molecules, and energized electrons are released. Oxidative phosphorylation is when energy from electrons is used to make ATP in the mitochondria later on. An electron transport…