Chronic pain

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) represent a set of musculoskeletal disorders associated with the masticatory system and a number of symptoms. Pain is the most common symptom usually concentrated in masticatory muscles and/or temporomandibular joints (TMJs), but exacerbated by mandibular movement and stomatognathic functions. TMD seems to be of multifactorial etiology, including parafunctional habits, bruxism, deleterious body posture, occlusal features, growth abnormalities, trauma, overload…

This ever changing discussion may be explained by the neuromatrix pain theory (Melzack, 1999). However, our understanding of the physiological response to a painful experience and its effects on the body has changed over the years. In the mid-17th century the pain theory was over simplified; nerve impulses travelled to the cerebral cortex in the brain, the more damage the body had received the more pain signals and therefore higher pain levels. Conversely, now; the result of a stimulus is now a…

Sciatica is agony in the lower furthest point coming about because of bothering of the sciatic nerve. The agony of sciatica is normally felt from the low back (lumbar range) to behind the thigh and can transmit down beneath the knee. The sciatic nerve is the biggest nerve in the body and starts from nerve roots in the lumbar spinal line in the low back and stretches out through the butt cheek territory to send nerve endings down the lower appendage. The torment of sciatica is once in a while…

their limb has been removed they will no longer feel pain for it, however, individuals who are amputees will suffer pain in places that no longer exist, thus why it's called phantom sensations. There are a couple popular theories to why this happens. The first being that once an amputation is performed all the nerve endings clump together, their clumping causes abnormal pain signals to be sent. This would explain why some individuals would feel pain for a limb that isn’t there. Another…

Fatigue Fatigue is a typical symptom of neurological diseases. Fatigue is also seen in diseases that affect the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems (Chaudhuri & Behan, 2004). Fatigue is a common experience of individuals suffering from chronic illnesses (Davis & Walsh, 2010). Fatigue is a common symptom in primary care with many causes ranging from benign to life threatening(Wright & O’Connor, 2014)…

musculoskeletal pain with fatigue, problems sleeping, memory issues, and mood swings. There does not appear to be any reason for these pains and complications, but researchers think that fibromyalgia might actually be a change in the way the brain receives and processes pain signals. There is currently no cure for fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia pain is considered chronic and widespread. Chronic pain lasts at least three to six month. Mayo Clinic notes that "widespread" refers to pain that "must…

stimuli (temperature) and nociceptive stimuli (pain). Which all require a distinct process. Conscious exteroceptive input is often split into three neuron types. Nociceptive specific neurons are located in the furthest dorsal part of the dorsal horn. These neurons respond to noxious input and signal the presence of pain. Wide Dynamic range neurons are located deeply in the dorsal horn too. Respond to frequency and intensity of a stimulus which signals pain. These response characteristics can…

Chapter I The Problem and Its Scope Introduction The shoulder contains complicated groups of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bursae all involved in humeral and scapular kinematics (Terry & Chopp, 2000). Regular use of the arms can result in fatigue of shoulder musculature, which could lead to altered scapular kinematics during humeral elevation (Tsai, McClure, & Karduna, 2003). These changes in scapular kinematics can potentially lead to shoulder problems such as impingement syndrome,…

But even in the peace of the night my back pain was sharp. I cried. The pain was horrible. The pain wouldn’t cease, and I didn’t know what to do, so I went to get my mom. I aroused her from her slumber and told her the problem. My dad was half asleep, and he replied to my issue, saying, “Just move the pillow.” What was that…

experienced by someone who has had a limb amputated that the limb is still there. People who have had their limb or some other part of their body part amputated, still experience this. They still feel pain and experience the sensation that it is still attached to the body. The explanation for the phantom limb pain range from injured nerve endings where the limb was lost to changes in the brain areas connected with the missing limb. Phantom limbs also allow us to explore early sensory…