Carbonyl

The Wittig reaction consists of a nucleophilic attack from a negatively charged carbon of the phosphorus ylide on to the carbonyl group carbon. Elimination then occurs to form the carbon to carbon double bond with the assistance of the Ph₃P=O reagent. After elimination is completed, the Ph₃P group and the oxygen of the carbonyl group are no longer present. In this experiment, the phosphonium salt used was benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, which was provided by the instructor…

The availability of the crystal structure of the potassium dependent asparaginase from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvAspG1) provided insight into the mechanism of potassium activation (Bejger et al., 2014). There are two alkali metal binding sites in each α subunit, located in highly characteristic metal coordination loops. One of them is structural and is referred to as the stabilization loop. It is also present, as a sodium binding loop, in the crystal structure of K+ independent asparaginase from…

E-cigarettes are a fairly new and a very controversial concept. Some believe that it is a potentially life-saving solution to smoking and some believe that it is just as harmful or even deadly. Putting something foreign into your lungs is never a comforting concept to grasp but once someone tries it, the addictive additives in vaping or smoking can make it hard to stop. This addictive chemical is Nicotine. Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances on the planet and it is used in…

mixture gently for 5 minutes. Allow the mixture to cool slightly and filter by gentle suction and wash it 3-4 times with CCl4. Recrystallize it from the boiling water. Mechanism: The Reaction involves: Nucleophilic attack of NH2 of glucine on the carbonyl carbon of benzoyl chloride Rearrangment and deprotonation (elimination of HCl molecule) to give benzoyl glycine Step II: Preparation of 4-Benzylidine-2-phenyl-oxazol-5-one from benzoyl…

A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the first thing that happens is the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen activates the carboxylic acid toward nucleophilic attack by alcohol, yielding a tetrahedral intermediate. The nucleophile in this reaction is H2SO4. The electrophile in this reaction is the p-aminobenzoic acid. A transfer of a proton from…

higher than linoleic acid that produced maximum amount of PHA. Finally it yields 0.32 g/L of PHA with 14.8% PHA content from the resulting biomass which is lower than other carbon sources employed in shake flask cultivation. Polymer strongest band carbonyl ester also seen in 1742cm-1.It further confirmed mcl PHA also from the structurally unrelated carbon…

Since 2013, there was a wide variability in e-cigarette product engineering, including: nicotine concentrations in e-liquids, variable volumes of e-liquids in the product, different carrier compounds (propylene glycol with or without glycerin), different additives, flavors, and battery voltage. Instead of burning tobacco in conventional cigarette to release smoke that contains nicotine, users of e-cigarettes will heat a nicotine liquid and convert the liquid to a vapor then inhale it. Depending…

The results obtained for this lab were very unsatisfactory, even though the results sustain a general trend throughout the course of the experiment, the results were not expected. At the beginning of the experiment all reagents produced satisfactory results, the reactant 2-bromopropane was determined to be the limiting reagent for the Grignard formation and the Isopropyl Magnesium Bromide was correctly formed. However, random errors occurred at the nucleophilic addition step. At this period, it…

In the IR spectrum, RM-10-1i, peaks that are present correspond to the functional groups in 6-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-cyclohexenone. These functional groups are sp2 hybridized carbons at 3031 cm-1, sp3 hybridized carbons at 2981 cm-1, a carbonyl at 1735 cm-1, aromatic carbon-carbon stretching at 1660 cm-1, an ester carbon-oxygen stretching at 1144 cm-1, and alkene carbon-hydrogen stretching at 698 cm-1. There was no alcohol present in this spectra, indication that all of the catalyst was…

The benzoin is oxidized with nitric acid to produce benzyl. When benzoin was reacted with nitric acid, an orange color appeared. When was heated the mixture a strong red color appeared in the reflux condenser, which is the visible liberation of nitrogen oxide gases. A total of 0.10 grams of purified benzil was produced from this reaction which contained a detected melting point of 82°C and a 34 % yield. This seemed to be approximately 10 degrees less than the ideal melting point of 94°C, which…