Carbonyl

A possible chemical reason that this experiment yielded less than 100% triphenylcarbinol was caused by the Grignard reagent reacting with atmospheric water or oxygen instead of reacting with benzophenone due to the highly reactive nature of the Grignard reagent and a constant presence of humidity and moisture inside the laboratory. Although extra precautions were taken to dry to glassware and a CaCl2 drying tube was used, there was an unavoidable exposure of the Grignard reagent to atmospheric…

chloride ion. The remaining acid chloride then reacts with diethylamine. Diethylamine is used in excess to neutralize the hydrogen chloride produced in the reaction. The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom performs a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon, while a pair of electrons in the double bond is pushed to the oxygen atom. When an electron pair from the oxygen atom restores the double bond, the chloride ion will act as a leaving group. The nitrogen atom is deprotonated by a…

Benzene, rings are very prevalent in many products that are used on a daily biases by humans, and compounds that contain benzene are often referred to as being aromatic. Benzene has characteristics that differ from many compounds causing it to react differently when mixed with certain compounds. Although benzene has three double bonds, it does not react like a normal alkene in terms of addition reactions. For example, when bromine reacts with a simple carbon-carbon double bond it forms dibromo.…

Glucose and fructose are structural isomers as their carbonyl groups are in different positions. Glucose and fructose have a six carbon ring structure which is found in fruit, honey and food production, this is important for energy. Glucose and fructose can be converted into fat if it was to be highly consumed…

It is also conceivable that, at lower pH, depurination can occur via protonation of the purine nucleobase at both N1 and N7. The presence of the 2′-OH has a significant effect on the nucleoside’s susceptibility to depurination. For example, guanosine and adenosine are more resistant to depurination compared to deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine. Deoxyadenosine itself depurinates 1200 times faster than adenosine (York, 1981). Interestingly, N-acyl-protected purine nucleosides (particularly…

The formation of benzilic acid results from the reaction of benzil with ethanol and potassium benzilate. In order to produce benzil, benzoin was reacted with nitric acid. A crude product of benzil was produced from the reaction of benzoin and nitric acid. Through the process of multi-step synthesis, benzil was produced through the oxidation of an alpha-hydroxyketone to an alpha-diketone using nitric acid. Prior to the reaction of nitric acid and benzoin, nitric acid was protonated to form an…

According to this figure, polyvinyl alcohol FTIR spectrum has peaks at 1655 cm-1 relating to the bending band of (HOH) peaks in 2910 cm-1 and 2940 cm-1 related to the stretching bands of (CH2) and Peaks at 1710 cm-1 and 1573 cm-1 are related to the carbonyl group. Also, the peak in 1142 cm-1 indicating the presence of oxygen atoms, the band at 1097 cm-1 is assigned to (C-O) stretching vibration of the ether group and peaks at 851 cm-1 and 607 cm-1 represent stretching vibrations (C-C), which is…

Introduction A reaction in organic chemistry that involves a simultaneous 3 pi bond shift is Diels-Alder cycloaddition, where a conjugated diene and an alkene with an electron withdrawing group (a dienophile) will react to form two carbon-carbon single bonds at the expense of the one carbon-carbon multiple bond to most often form a 6 membered ring adduct (Ketcha, 106). A conjugated diene is a hydrocarbon the contains two carbon-carbon double bonds and a dienophile also means “diene-loving”…

Styrene (St, 99%) and methyl methacrylate (MMA, 99%) were obtained from Aldrich company. These monomers were first dried over calcium hydride, were purified by being passed through a column of basic alumina, and were distilled under reduced pressure. Ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBIB, 98%), copper (I) bromide (CuBr, 99%), copper (I) chloride (CuCl, 99%), and other chemical reagents were procured from Aldrich company and used as received. N-methylbis[2-(dodecylthio)ethyl]amine (SNS) was synthesized…

All observations made throughout the lab should be noted, including any color changes that occur throughout each reaction as well as the time it takes for each change to occur and the temperature at which each reaction occurs. The amount of each reagent used should also be recorded and the expected yield should be calculated as well as the percent yield for the experiment. Then an analysis of the final product using proton NMR as well as IR should be performed to determine the purity of the…