Carbonyl

The goal of this experiment was to reduce Camphor into Borneol and Isoborneol using Sodium Borohydride. In this reaction, Isoborneol was the major product while Borneol was the minor product. This is a reduction reaction, where the ketone on the Camphor is reduced to form two products with secondary alcohols. First, 0.25 grams of Camphor was obtained and added to a 50ml flask and mixed with 1.5 ml of methanol. Second, 0.25 grams of Sodium Borohydride was added to the reaction mixture and…

borohydride is often used in this process because it reacts more rapidly with the carbonyl group than with the solvent. In this experiment, the reduction of 9-fluorenone using sodium borohydride to give 9-fluorenol will be examined. This reaction involves the transfer of a hydride ion from borohydride ion to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon with the accompanying transfer of the electron deficient boron atom to the carbonyl oxygen.1 The reaction is shown below: 10 is 9-fluorenone, 11 is the…

reduce ketones and aldehydes. In this case, camphor, which contains a ketone, was reduced with sodium borohydride. Reduction of a carbonyl with sodium borohydride occurs when the hydride ion adds to the carbonyl carbon, breaking the C=O bond and creating a new C-H bond. When the reduction occurs, the hydride transfer will occur on the less hindered side of the carbonyl group. This addition will usually create the more hindered alcohol but will generally create a mixture of two possible alcohols,…

The cyano-ethoxy carbonyl protection Manoharan et al. (1999) developed 2(cyanoethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide S.27a a stable, crystalline, and convenient reagent for the protection of pendant akylamines in oligonucleotides (Figure X.X.X). The 2-cyanoethyl (ce) group is the most common phosphate protecting group in oligonucleotides; however, ce and corresponding 2-(cyanoethoxycarbonyl) group were not utilized for the nucleobase protection until 2000. Merk et al. (2000) developed…

Paracetamol is one of the world’s most beneficial and resourceful analgesic and is widely used in present day. An analgesic, can be defined, as a chemical compound that relieves pain, reduces fever and inflammation. It works by hindering the enzyme cyclooxygenase which acts a catalyst to convert fatty acids to prostaglandins. Prostaglandins cause pain and inflammation to peripheral and central points in the nervous system2. Paracetamol, or Acetaminophen is created by the synthesis and…

The results obtained in this experiment correspond well with the expected outcomes. At 0oC, the product formed was white indicating that it must be cyclohexanone semicarbazone. This is further confirmed by the observed melting point of 166.5oC. These results deviate by only 0.5oC from the expected melting point of 166oC for this compound. This particular reaction is controlled kinetically and occurred because it had the smallest activation energy. Then after forming this compound, the reaction…

Potassium Permanganate Test: 1. Three drops of the compound to be tested are dissolved in 2 ml of water or aqueous ethanol. 2% KMnO4 solution (a purple solution) is added drop wise and the solution is shaken. 2. The purple color of the KMnO4 solution disappears and a precipitate of MnO2 is formed. A negative test is if there no precipitate. 3. Repeat for every unknown and record observations. Observations and Results Water Solubility Test: When the test was conducted and observations were made,…

Donald Tipper and Jack Strominger determined that that penicillin is a substrate or transition state analog of the acyl-D-Ala-D-Ala of uncross-linked peptidoglycan. The inhibition of the DD-transpeptidase occurs due to the nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl on the β-lactam ring by the serine hydroxyl group in the enzyme active site, thus producing a stable acyl-enzyme complex. The tetrahedral structure is then broken at the amide bond, allowing the nitrogen within the ring to be reduced.…

In this experiment, the competing enantioselective conversion (CEC) method was used to react an unknown secondary alcohol, which is either the R- or the S- enantiomer, with S-HBTM and R-HBTM separately. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to determine which reaction was faster. If the S-HBTM was faster, then the unknown secondary alcohol had the R configuration. If the R-HBTM was faster, then the unknown secondary alcohol had the S configuration. 1H NMR was used to determine the molecular…

The objective of this experiment was to identify an unknown sample by preforming classification tests such as: Bisulfite test, Schiff’s test, and Idoform test. Also, to confirm the identity of the unknown by melting point, IR spectroscopy, and 1H NMR. For the solubility test, 1 mL of deionized water was placed in a test tube. A few drops of the of the unknown was added to the test tube and mixed with a pipette. After a few minutes, the unknown was determined to be insoluble. Next, the Schiff’s…