Bacterial conjugation

Illustration of sexduction in E. coli using streptomycin resistant F-lac- recipients and F′lac+ donors Abstract The process in which DNA from a donor cell is transferred through physical contact into a recipient cell is known as conjugation. In the experiment, sexduction, a cross between F′ and F- plasmids, was demonstrated by mixing the donor and recipient, diluting them and using selective plating methods. The plasmids from the donor, recipient and transconjugant were isolated and analyzed using FIGE gel Electrophoresis. The data that was acquired consisted of 12 red colonies and 483 white colonies from the conjugation mixture with a conjugation efficiency of 2.42%. The FIGE gel Electrophoresis produced the DNA bands of the donor and transconjugant strains with a size of 112 kb and no bands for the recipient. The results show that the recipient cells were converted to donor cells by the transfer of the F′ plasmid therefore, sexduction must have occurred. Introduction In 1946, conjugation was first discovered by Lederberg and…

The theory of pro: An Italian perspective Introduction Universal Grammar (UG) is a linguistics theory which supports the idea that all human languages, although different in the surface, share some fundamental principles. These principles are generally true across languages, while parameters, on the other hand, are settings that allow for variation from language to language (White, 2003, p.2). The Extended Projection Principle (EPP) is a principle common to all languages which states that a…

stationary phase and even death phase. Looking at the second graph which compared the absorbance in the Spec 20 related to time, there was a linear increase at 37° but not as much of an increase in absorbance at 30°. At 37°, the absorbance went from .075 to .140 which shows a doubling of bacterium colonies that formed. At 30 degrees, there is less of steady increase of growth because at 30 minutes the absorbance value was .14 and at 60 minutes the absorbance value was .13 which was unusual…

addition of this, it was boring and tedious. Indeed, the teacher had a horrible attitude; and she was not clear explaining the structure of the language. Even though, Spanish is coming from Latin, the form of the verb tense was different, and the irregulars’ verbs were a nightmare for me. Knowing this, my mother set the condition, she was hoping my failure to get 100 on the test. But, she ignited a flame in me, that I didn’t not I had. For the first time I set a gold for me to achieve. Suddenly…

Introduction Gardnerella Vaginalis also known as Bacterial Vaginosis is a bacterial infection normally found in the female’s genital tract [5]. This can cause a female to go through abnormal vaginal odor and discharge. Generally an unpleasant fishy smell with a yellow or white discharge [2]. Garnerella Vaginalis otherwise Bacterial Vaginosis can be contracted through vaginal douching, multiple or new sex partners and intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). Bacterial Vaginosis is not only…

The thing I disliked the most about English was irregular Verb. In Steven Pinker’s essay, Horton Heared a Who! The author presented an interesting idea regarding the linguistic development when one learned a new language. Professor Pinker introduced the idea that English verbs can be divided into two main types: The regular verb that could be conjugated with normal rules and other Verbs that need special conjugations. Those special verbs, Pinker believe, are difficult to pick up and learned and…

Recurring Yeast Infections A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection that causes irritation, increased discharge, strong odors, and an intense itchiness of the vulva, and vagina. It's a type of vaginitis, or inflammation of the vagina, and infections occur when there are too many of the bacteria and yeast that normally live in the vagina. If you have recurrent yeast infections, four or more within a year, you might need a maintenance plan and a longer treatment course. Why Do You Have…

Collection and Identification of an Environmental Bacteria to the Genus level Introduction: Bacteria can be found virtually anywhere, and interaction with these organisms occurs daily (Fitzpatrick & Allison, 2014). However, though the interaction between human and bacterium is continual, it is not always known what type of bacteria a person is coming into contact with. Therefore it is important to understand, and to have knowledge about, the characteristics of bacteria in our environment. As…

In addition, procedure part H contains the viewing of cheek cells, cheek cells are a high-caliber option for identifying the membrane, and cytoplasm of a cell. To begin, place a drop of methylene blue on a slide, then smear a toothpick amongst the inside of the cheek, lastly smear the toothpick onto the stained slide. Cheek cells just like starch cells are hard to be viewed without the addition of a staining chemical, in this case, the methylene blue will make the cheek cells have a slight blue…

bacteria, and under what circumstance the bacteria could be resistant to that particular drug. (5 pts) As the name implies 50s subunit protein synthesis inhibitors such as erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the 23S rRNA molecule of the bacterial ribosome. This ultimately acts to block the exit of the growing peptide chain. It should be noted that gram+ bacteria more effectively accumulate erythromycin than gram negative bacteria thereby making it more…