Bacterial conjugation

The first indicator was bacterial growth, which was observed on four agar plates containing different combinations of LB broth, ampicillin, and arabinose. The second indicator was fluorescence, which was observed under UV light. The presence of fluorescence indicated that the bacteria…

The material covered in my genetics class helped me better understand the article, How Spiders Got their Knees, by Emily DeMarco. For example, the article describes how the Dachshund gene was duplicated and activated in the patella region which formed kneecaps, providing flexibility (DeMarco, 2015). In class I learned about the different types of errors that can occur during DNA replication and repair. I learned that duplication can occur through replication slippage or unequal crossing over.…

release the genetic material of V. cholerae, perhaps with the vibrio pathogenicity island containing the genetic code for the TCP intact. B. subtilis could then integrate the genetic code for the toxin-coregulated pilus into its own chromosome by bacterial transformation. Since the genetic code for the toxin-coregulated pilus also contains code for a surface receptor, this could also result in the infection of B. subtilis by the same lysogenic bacteriophage that produces the cholera toxin (7).…

Antimicrobial resistance happens when a bacterium has the ability to survive against antibiotics causing a selectivity for the resistant strains to be able to grow and reproduce2. This is mostly due to microbes constantly evolving and the ability for bacterial cells to gain new genes rapidly through horizontal gene transfer. Genes can be taken inside the cell from the environment…

reproduces asexually through binary fission meaning it duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two parts. Bacteria can also exchange genetic material through conjugation, when DNA is directly transferred from one bacterial cell to another, the two bacteria then merge and share the genetic material. There are two bacterial kingdoms of prokaryotes, the Archaebacteria and the Eubacteria. Archaebacteria was the first prokaryotes, being very ancient, and exist in very extreme…

Introduction Antibiotics has changed modern medicine into what we know today, saving many lives and alleviating the suffering of individuals [1]. Around the 1940s, the use of penicillin and streptomycin effectively controlled the prevalence of bacterial infections, dramatically improving life expectancy [2]. However, antibiotic resistance started to evolve and there is a constant demand for the development of new compounds as the lifespan of pre-existing antibiotics is significantly reduced [3]…

It includes Mucus membrane, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), macrophages and antigen presenting cells (APCs). A good example of primary innate immune defense is the mucus membrane, which eliminates bacterial adhesion by ciliary movement or mucus in the upper respiratory tract (Fedtke et al., 2004). Bordetella pertussis is a well-known example of the strategy that disables the clearance role of ciliary epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract.…

clouds. 6 It is identified a gene called ina gene present in INA species reported by T. Hill (2014). Product of this gene is protein called Ice protein that covers the bacterial surface. Only the ice+ cell are capable to create ice particles and it is thought that this gene could be transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation. 5 The ice protein helps the cell to surround by water molecules and freeze. As a consequence, the temperature of ice crystals forming will be increased. This…

Evidently, new vaccination options could be extremely useful in combatting S. pneumoniae infections. Current pneumococcal vaccine candidates comprise a variety of vaccine types. Live attenuated, and inactivated forms of whole cell vaccines, trivalent conjugation protein fusions, and recombinant protein vaccines of pneumococcal surface proteins and other protein virulence factors are but a few of the potential S. pneumoniae vaccines2. Ideally, advances in S. pneumoniae vaccines lead to reduces…

are used to treat infections which is affected from bacteria, antibiotics play a vital role in treating bacterial infections. Antibiotics do not cure every illness it just cure infections caused by bacteria but it does not treat infections caused by virus ,so before taking any antibiotics doctor’s prescription is very essential ,whether the patient is suffering from viral infection or bacterial infection. Antibiotics that are taken in over dosage during viral infections can worsen the health…